Question

• Recall the casual criteria presented by Sir Austin Bradford Hill in 1965: Casual Criteria
• Discuss the criteria in the context of 1) smoking and lung cancer and 2) sleep and weight gain/loss.

Answer 1

cancer by si #smoking and lung Austin Bradford In 1950 he thien under took with Austin Bradford Hill a study of lung cancer patients in 20 London hospitals, at first under the beliet that it was due to the new material tarmac or motor car tumes, but rapidly discovering that tobacco smoking was the only tudors they had in common Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor for lung cancer. In the United states, cigarette smoking is. linked to about 50% to go% of I lung cancer deaths. Using other tobacco products suh as cigar or pipes I also increcues the risk for lung cancer Smoking causes lung cancer by dermaging the cells that line the lungs. When you inhale cigarette smoke, which is full. Tot cancer-causing substances (casci nogens) changes in the lung tissue begin almost immediately. At first your body may be able to repair this damage

& Sleep and at gean ( dose : - Sleep deprivation causes changes to hormones that regulate hunger and appetite. The hormone leptin suppresses appetite and encourages the body to expoond energy sleep deprivation reduces leptin. And lack of sleep makes you more likely to eat more of your overall calories at night, which can I lead to weight gaan.