Answer ; there is negative association between not using Ca suplement and breast cancer.
Reason ; In the given study, the result shows that there are 75 person who do no take any Ca supplement and having the breast cancer and 25 person do not have these disease condition without taking any supplement.
In other statement it is given that, there 25 people who had this disaese even though they had Ca supplement and 75 person who was normal and in control with this supplement.
From the study it is known that the usage of this supplement will control the disease rate to an extent and the numbers are increased in one area and get decreased in opposite to them. It is not in a same direction. Hence it is considered as negative relation within them.
A study looking at breast cancer in women compared cases with non-cases, and found that 75/100...
A study looking at ovarian cancer in women compared cases with non-cases, and found that 150/200 cases did not use birth control compared with 50/200 of the non-cases. 1) Create a table to display the data. 2) Calculate the odds of exposure in cases and non-cases. 3) Calculate the odds ratio using the cross-product ratio. 4) How does the difference between the two prevalences of ovarian cancer (75% vs 25%) compare to the odds ratio?
A study of the association of breast cancer with duration of
oral contraceptive (OC) use compared a group of women with breast
cancer with a group of women of similar ages who were admitted to
the same hospital for non-cancer diseases. From interviewing the
subjects it could be determined who had used OC in the past and for
how long. The following data were gathered:
Calculate the appropriate measure of association for this case
control study and the 95% CI...
1. A hypothesis has been proposed that breast cancer in women is caused in part by events that occur between the age of menarche (time of 1st menstruation) and the age of first childbirth. The hypothesis is that the risk for breast cancer increases as the length of this time interval increases. To test this hypothesis an international study was set up. Breast cancer cases were identified among women in selected hospitals in the United States, Greece, Yugoslavia, Brazil, Taiwan...
6.A team of epidemiologists began a study in 2010 to investigate the relationship between exposure to chest irradiation and the subsequent risk of breast cancer. Women who received therapy (either radiation or non-radiation) for postpartum mastitis in the 1950s, and who were free of breast cancer at the time, were enrolled in the study. The women were followed for 60 years to determine the incidence rates of breast cancer in each group. Study Design: Name one strength and one limitation...
QUESTION 14 You are required to fill in all the missing values. A hypothetical study investigates the incidence of lung cancer in people who use e-cigarettes only. 1,308 cases and controls are recruited for the study. 231 of the people with lung cancer smoke e-cigarettes. 544 of the people without lung cancer do not smoke e-cigarettes. A total of 754 people in this study have smoked e-cigarettes. Fill in the blanks in the table and then the blanks that follow....
A prospective study of Norwegian women who were followed between 1986 and 2009 was conducted. Within that period (1995-2005), a national mammography program was gradually implement ed, with biennial invitations send to women age 50-69. The participants of the study were all women aged 50-79 between 1986-2009. The mortality rate ratios compared women who were invited to screen to those who were not invited, with a clear distinction between cases of breast cancer diagnosed before and after the invitation to...
Non-differential means that the extent of the misclassification is ________ for both study groups: Different Dynamic Same Undecided Misclassification error can be fixed by which of the following approach: Use most accurate source of information available Multiple measurements of exposure and disease Validation – corroborate the data using several sources All of the above Confounding is described as a: Systematic difference in soliciting, recording, or interpreting information Systematic difference between the groups being compared that distorts the true association between...
In an epidemiologic study, 147 incident bladder cancer cases were compared to 179 controls selected from the population that gave rise to the cases with respect to smoking history. The data were as follows: Exposure status Disease Status Case Control Total Smoker 90 82 172 Nonsmoker 57 97 154 Total 147 179 326 Perform the appropriate statistical test of the relationship between bladder cancer and smoking history using the attached SAS file. Assume α = 0.05 (two-tailed) and 80%...
Recently, South African researchers conducted a study of the relationship between optimism and colon cancer survival. Their hypothesis was that colon cancer patients who had a positive outlook on life would have a lower five-year cumulative incidence of mortality. The study included 100 recently diagnosed colon cancer patients who underwent psychological testing and were found to have an optimistic outlook on life and 100 recently diagnosed colon cancer patients who underwent the same psychological tests and were found to have...
BACKGROUND & METHODS
The relationship between stress and breast cancer has been
examined in many epidemiological studies, the results of which have
yielded mixed results. One reason for these differences is the use
of different measures of stress. For example, death of a spouse or
close relative is a major acute stressor, whereas stress
experienced in daily life is more moderate and chronic in nature.
As these different types of stress likely have different
physiological and psychological impacts, the observed...