Question

provide a summary report on an endocrine disorder (type 1 diabetes) .

1. give the background of the condition including a summary of its effects on public health.

2. etiology of the condition ; relevant pathophophysiology ; signs and symptoms ; current problem and future problems

Answer 1

Ans) 1) Type 1 Diabetes: A Public Health issue

- Type 1 Diabetes (Juvenile diabetes and insulin dependent diabetes) :- Auto-immune disease that attacks & kills the Beta-cells (insulin producing cells) in the pancreas.

- The causes, especially of type 1 diabetes, are not clear, but there is no doubt about the consequences of raised levels of blood glucose, which include heart disease, stroke, kidney malfunction, retinopathy, neuropathy, sexual dysfunction, and ultimately multi-organ failure.

2) Etiology:

- The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown.

- But in most people with type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas.

- Genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role in this process.

Pathophysiology of type 1 Diabetes:

- Type 1 DM is the culmination of lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of insulin-secreting beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

- As beta-cell mass declines, insulin secretion decreases until the available insulin no longer is adequate to maintain normal blood glucose levels.

Signs and Symptoms:

polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss despite appetite increase and lethargy.

Problema faced by type 1 Diabetes:

- The most common long-term diabetes-related health problems are: damage to the large blood vessels of the heart, brain and legs (macrovascular complications) damage to the small blood vessels, causing problems in the eyes, kidneys, feet and nerves (microvascular complications).