Question

Exhibit 3-6
Predict the hybridization of the indicated atoms in Cipro®.

(23). Refer to Exhibit 3-6. The hybridization of this nitrogen atom (A) is __________.

7 (24). Refer to Exhibit 3-6. The hybridization of this carbon atom (B) is __________.

8 (25). Refer to Exhibit 3-6. The hybridization of this carbon atom (C) is __________.

5(20). The energy difference of 3.8 kJ/mol between gauche and anti butane corresponds to an equilibrium constant, K_eq, of approximately 1.9. Calculate the percentage of each conformer at equilibrium?

please answer the these two questions

B. C-OH A. C. N N N. 6 (23). Refer to Exhibit 3-6. The hybridization of this r

Answer 1

Hybridization of atoms of the second period of the periodic table (such as C, N, O) can be stablished from the number of sigma and pi bonds and the number of electron lone pairs in the atom. As a general rule, for the atoms in this period we can stablish the following criteria:

sp³: involves only sigma bonds. There will be four if electron lone pairs are not in the atom

sp²: involves one pi bond.

sp: involves two pi bonds

According to this we have:

The hybridization of this nitrogen atom (A) is sp³. Notice that only sigma bonds are involved. Also, a lone pair is a characteristic of a nitrogen atom (non-charged) , but they are not shown in the molecule.

The hybridization of this carbon atom (B) is sp². Notice that one pi bond is involved.

The hybridization of this carbon atom (C) is sp³. Notice that only sigma bonds are involved. The four sigma bonds involves a hydrogen atom that is not shown in this structural formula.

In Newman projections of butane, we have for anti and gauche conformers:

CH3 CH3 CH3 H H н H H H H CH3 ANTI GAUCHE

Due to the steric hindrance between methyl groups in gauche conformation, we can say that it has the higher energy state, and we can write the chemical equation:

AH 3.8kJ/mol GAUCHE ANTI

With the equilibrium constant:

ANTI Кед (1) 1.9 KeqG GAUCHE

And we now that the sum of both conformers give us the 100%:

(2) %ANTI%GAUCHE= 100

From equation (1), we have:

ANTI 1.9GAUCHE

Substituting it in equation (2):

L9%GAU CHE+% GAUCHE= 100

Solving for the percentage of GAUCHE conformer, we have:

100 34.5% 2.9 % GAUCHE =

And the percentage of ANTI conformer is:

% ANTI 1.9%GAUCHE = (1.9)* 34.5% = 65.5 %