Question

A drug company attempted to bypass the need for insulin in diabetics by testing a drug that inhibits adenylate cyclase. Discuss the following questions in regard to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. 1. What would a decrease in adenylate cyclase do to glucose metabolism in the liver (explain in detail pathway/enzyme regulation/overall effect)? How would this possibly affect blood sugar? a. b. Will this drug be a success? What is the potential overall effect of this drug in diabetic humans (would energy usage or skipping meals in these individuals change your answer)? 2. The consumption of alcohol, especially after periods of exercise or after not eating for several hours, results in a deficiency of glucose in the blood (hypoglycemia). The first step in the metabolism of ethanol by the liver is oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Why does this lead to hypoglycemia, especially after anacrobic exercise? Be thorough in your explanation, describe what is happening in muscle and liver (hint).... 3. Between your evening meal and breakfast, your blood glucose drops, and your liver becomes a net producer rather than a consumer of glucose. Describe the hormonal basis for this switch and explain how the hormonal change triggers glucose production by the liver (make sure ALL of the enzymes affected are discussed) 4. Considering the role of Lactate Dehydrogenase in metabolism, thoroughly explain: Why a deficiency in the muscle form of lactate dehydrogenase makes it difficult for an individual with this condition to quickly run up three flights of stairs but does not cause lactic acidosis. Why a deficiency in the liver form of lactate dehydrogenase leads to hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis. Are there conditions where this would be more of an issue? a. b. 5, High fructose corn syrup (HFCS: 60% glucose: 40% fructose) in processed foods, has been linked to increased obesity in the US. Why does a soft drink like Coca-cola, which has 150 calories from HFCS cause you to gain more fat mass than the same drink with 150 calories from pure glucose? (talk about hormones and fructose metabolism)

Answer 1

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