Characteristics of autophagy:
* Formation of phagophores
* Formation of autophagosomes
* Fusion with lysosome and degration.
* for entry into selective autophagy pathway, Ubiquitin coated nano diamonds binds to autophagy receptor.
Option I , III and II
auto phage is an important process for ridding the body of intracellular parasites. what characteristics are...
For many important processes that occur in the body, direct measurement of characteristics of the process is not possible. In many cases, however, we can measure a biomarker, a biochemical substance that is relatively easy to measure and is associated with the process of interest. Bone turnover is the net effect of two processes: the breaking down of old bone, called resorption, and the building of new bone, called formation. One biochemical measure of bone resorption is tartrate resistant acid...
10. Write a one-page summary of the attached paper? INTRODUCTION Many problems can develop in activated sludge operation that adversely affect effluent quality with origins in the engineering, hydraulic and microbiological components of the process. The real "heart" of the activated sludge system is the development and maintenance of a mixed microbial culture (activated sludge) that treats wastewater and which can be managed. One definition of a wastewater treatment plant operator is a "bug farmer", one who controls the aeration...