Tumor is caused by uncontrolled cell division when either down regulation of tumor suppression genes or upregulation of proto-oncogenes occurs. This leads to the production of a clump of tumor cells. The tumor cells produced have the blood vessels inserted into them due to the process of angiogenesis and due to this the energy and oxygen is supplied to the tumor cells. Also the surrounding cells in the tumor are affected and this debris is also seen in these cells. Once the tumor becomes invasive it enters the blood stream and reaches to other areas of the body which is the process called as metastasis. Hence due to overgrowth followed by angiogenesis metastasis occurs.
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availab Explain why the cells of a tumor are expected to have heterogeneity and a mix...
Describe 5 key traits the lung cancer cells within the primary tumor acquire and why they are significant. •As genetic stability is lost and genetic mutations accumulate some of these mutation result in advantageous changes to cellular function. As a result, lung cancer cells acquire traits effective for growth and development of tumors and invasion into surrounding tissue. Describe five of the traits lung cancer cells have that are advantageous and justify why you chose those traits.
11. What is the process for metastasis? How would you describe why and how metastasis occurs to a patient? 12. What is the rate of growth of cancer cells? 13. What are the major risk factors for cancer which would prompt work-up in a patient? 14. Name all the cells in the immune system defend the body against cancerous cells.
There are two main types of cells in the human brain, neurons (nerve cells) and glial cells (supporting cells). Once neurons fully mature, these nerve cells no longer divide. Glial cells, however, continue to divide over a person’s entire lifetime. GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) is a small protein that stimulates growth in glial cells. What kind of signal molecule is this protein? How does GDNF likely promote cell division? After the glial cell receives GDNF, what will happen...
In some of the cancer pictures tumor cells are scattered amongst surrounding normal tissue. Why is that significant? What is an oncogene? When it is mutated how does it contribute to uncontrolled cell division?
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15. During our paper lab experiment, we compared the tumor cells from one patient to the normal cells of the same patient. If we wanted to do a larger study to give a larger picture of what is going on in colon cancer cells which of the following would be a better way to set up the experiment? A. Collect cancer cells and normal cells from 1000 patients and run 1000 different microarrays (one for each person) and...
Why might inhibition of LDH in cancer cells lead to cancer cell death? Explain why conjugating an LDH inhibitor to glucose leads to preferential targeting of cancer cells?
Differentiate between the normal cellular actions / functions of a tumor suppressor and a protooncogene. Using p53 and Ras as specific examples, describe one of the pathways each are involved in (can be a specific pathway or a more general type of pathway). Explain what type of mutation, for each protein, would lead to disruption of the pathway. Finally, explain how disruption of this pathway could lead to cancer. You can use the chart below to answer the question tumor...
Cancer Biology
8. Re-expression of telomerase can confer immortality to emerging clones of tumor cells, and was originally viewed as an attractive target for drug discovery. However, which of the following best explains the lack of therapeutic efficacy for telomerase inhibitors? a. Telomerase alone is sufficient for transformation in human cells. b. Telomerase is required for the maintenance of somatic cell populations. c. Too many post-inhibition cell doublings would be required to see anti-tumor efficacy. d. Telomerase has sequence and...
Cancer and Gene Regulation Why is a cell cycle control system needed for cell division? What happens when cells do NOT respond to the cell cycle control system and divide excessively? Tumor Proto-oncogeno (for protein that stimulates coll division) 6 Y DNA Benign Tumor= Mutation withln a control region of DNA Malignant Tumor Mutated promoter Metastasis Normal growth-stimulating protein in excess Oncogene Tumor-Suppressor Genes Proto-oncogene utled tara gese Samor-auppresr gane Many proto-oncogenes code for growth factors /Deletive nonimenig Normel grewt...
As an animal’s body size increases, the number of cells in the organism also increases. Why must the number of cells increase in order to increase body size? Why can’t there simply be the same number of cells, each with larger volume? All animals begin life as a single-celled zygote, but become multicellular through development. The increase in number of cells must come from an increased number of mitotic divisions and this in turn may increase the risk of developing...