Question

1. Definitions. Complete these definitions or ideas that are central to understanding the Hardy-Weinberg theorem.
   1. Population:

2. Gene pool:

3. Genetic drift:

Answer 1

Answer

• Population.

When a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene, it is not evolving, and allele frequencies will stay the same across generations. There are five basic Hardy-Weinbergassumptions: no mutation, random mating, no gene flow, infinite populationsize, and no selection.

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors. When mating is random in a large population with no disruptive circumstances, the law predicts that both genotype and allele frequencies will remain constant because they are in equilibrium.

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can be disturbed by a number of forces, including mutations, natural selection, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and gene flow. For instance, mutations disrupt the equilibrium of allele frequencies by introducing new alleles into a population. Similarly, natural selection and nonrandom mating disrupt the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because they result in changes in gene frequencies. This occurs because certain alleles help or harm the reproductive success of the organisms that carry them. Another factor that can upset this equilibrium is genetic drift, which occurs when allele frequencies grow higher or lower by chance and typically takes place in small populations. Gene flow, which occurs when breeding between two populations transfers new alleles into a population, can also alter the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Because all of these disruptive forces commonly occur in nature, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium rarely applies in reality. Therefore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes an idealized state, and genetic variations in nature can be measured as changes from this equilibrium state.

• Gene pool

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that, under certain conditions, allele frequencies in a population will remain constant over time. Such populations meet five conditions: infinite population size, random mating of individuals, and an absence of genetic mutations, natural selection, and gene flow. Since evolution can simply be defined as the change in allele frequencies in a gene pool, a population that fits Hardy-Weinberg criteria does not evolve. Most natural populations violate at least one of these assumptions and therefore are seldom in equilibrium. Nevertheless, the Hardy-Weinberg principle is a useful starting point or null model for the study of evolution, and can also be applied to population genetics studies to determine genetic associations and detect genotyping errors.

• Genetic drift

In the absence of selection, mutation, genetic drift, or other forces, allele frequencies p and q are constant between generations, so equilibrium is reached. The principle is named after G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg, who first demonstrated it mathematically.In a relatively small population, a condition that violates the first Hardy-Weinberg assumption, it is possible for allele frequencies to have resulted from chance.This new small gene pool may have the same allele frequency as the original, but it is also possible, even likely, that it does not.

Genetic drift is the random fluctuation of allelic frequencies through generations, that can be seen in small populations, not in bigger ones because the allelic frequencies are equals to the probability of picking a particular allele, it's the high number law.But in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the population is infinite, there's an infinity of individuals, so the genetic drift doesn't occure.So the genetic drift don't affect the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

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