Question

It stands to reason that a link may exist between religious attendance (independent variable) and the willingness to extend freedom of speech to radical Muslim clerics (dependent variable): In a comparison of individuals, people who frequently attend religious services will be less likely to extend free-speech rights to radical Muslims than will people who infrequently attend. Education (control variable) might also be related to speech opinions, in that less educated people have less tolerant attitudes than do those with more education.

Education Low Religious attendance Low High 121 44 197 187 318 231 Speech opinion Allow Do not allow Total Total Total 165 384 549 High Religious attendance Low High 226 162 140 195 366 357 388 335 723

1. The control table below will allow you to analyze the religious attendance−speech opinion relationship, controlling for level of education.¹² The table displays raw numbers only. For example, in the low-education group, 318 individuals have low attendance. Of these, 121 said radical speech should be allowed, and 197 said that it should not be allowed. Construct a complete control table from this information.

B. Decide which pattern—spuriousness, additive, or interaction—best describes the set of relationships. (i) Write out each of the rhetorical questions, introduced in this chapter, that help you determine the pattern. (ii) Write a complete sentence answering each question.

C. Draw a line chart of the attendance−speech opinion relationship, controlling for education. The values of religious attendance will appear along the horizontal axis. The vertical axis will record the percentages of respondents saying “do not allow.” Enhance the readability of the chart by making 30 percent the lowest vertical axis value and 90 percent the highest vertical axis value.

Answer 1

a. Education Low High Religious Attendance Religious Attendance Speech opinion Low High Total Low High Total Allow 165 121 (38.1%) 44 (19.0%) (30.1%) 226 (61.7%) 162 (45.4%) 388 (53.7%) Do not allow 197 (61.9%) 187 (81.0%) 384 (69.9%) 140 (38.3%) 195 (54.6%) 335 (46.3) Total 318 (100%) 231 (100%) 549 (100%) 366 (100%) 357 (100%) 723 (100%)

(B)

(i) Rhetorical questions to determine the pattern-

1. Is it spurious?: Is the relationship still present? Do the lines still vary?
   1. No: the relationship was spurious.
   2. Yes: check for additive in the next question.

2. Is it additive?: Is the tendency/direction of the relationship the same at all values of Z? Are the lines going in the same direction for all values of Z?

a. No: check for interaction.

b. Yes: the relationship appears additive if tendency and slopes are the same.

3. Is it interactive?: Is the strength of the relationship the same or similar across all values of Z? Are the slopes of the lines the same?

1. No: then interactive (see types to narrow down).

b. Yes: check for tendency consistency to see if additive; if not, then interactive.

(ii) Answering the rhetorical questions:

1. In adding in the control variable (Z) of Education, the relationship between the two variables, religious attendance and speech opinion still remains. Therefore, the relationship is not spurious
2. The tendency/direction of the relationship is relatively the same at all values of Z. The slope of the lines indicating the relationship between those who responded “Do not allow” and those with low/high religious attendance hold nearly the same slopes for both those with lower education levels and those with higher education levels. Therefore, the relationship is additive.
3. As aforementioned, the strength of the relationship is the same/similar across all values of Z, and the slopes are nearly the same. Therefore, the relationship is not interactive.

(C)

Allowing Freedom of Speech to Radical Muslim Clerics 100 Low Education Level High Education Level 75 Percent of respondents that said "Do not allow 25 Low religious attendance High religious attendance

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