Question

1. This question is based on the plant tissue, read the unit of plant and plant tissue to answer this question. Xylem and phloem each contain several different cell types that give them their functionality. Describe the major cell types in each, along with their function. (5)
2. While examining a soil sample with a light microscope, you see what appears to be a fungal hypha without any reproductive structures or spores. How could you determine to which fungal division this organism belonged? (3)

cells

Answer 1

xylem: The xylem compared of four type of cells, Among these cells, soul cells are Livind some are dead. The four elements are :- 1 Tracheids: Specially adapted to do its funct such as the conductions of water and adinera - Prouides Mechanical support i plants C Presence of thick tignited secondry Cell Wall) & Facilitate the lateral Concluction of water Lo Have Lateral walls and end halls with pit pains). Verseb! Vessels are shorter than trackeeds. However, the diameter of kenels is much larger than Tracheid, This facilitates a rapid and efficient flow of watee through the vessel Lumen! Main function of llensel is conduction of watel and ultreints. llenseb are best suited to do (mechanical strength) this. The lessels elements are arranged end to end to toum long tube like chaunds. This is suited for passage of water along with nutrients. The lignified wall provides mechan cal strength. o o

L fibres : similar to trackeeds and vessels They are cells which are clead and do h at contain protoplast at their maturity cells with llery thick tignified secondag Cell wall. The mgeil finctiae is to provide mechanical support. (iv) Parenchyma:- only living Component of Xylem, have only a cytoplarm and ako have declects. They have there Cellulose cell hall, significaftics in secondary walls is absent. So Parenchyma in xylem can stone starch, oil and other pergastic sublame. Ray Parenchyma Tours tyloses which stone the ergasttie suslaree which que wood a colour and odon. Phoem: The Components are basicall- li siene elements :-) There are the fundamental I cell type in the phloem. & food Conducting cells in Phloem lining cells with protoplam. welkus is absent ten these elements ligrified secondry wals are also assent. a

& Struetune of siene liebe is well adapled for the Iralislocation of Carsolendrate and organi material or confpected sy proto lasmec Contents through siene pones. An ininterrupted Continuity of Protoplast occur between cells, content cu Phloem. are Inanslocated through Cytoplamé streaming movement. 1 U Companion cells :- They are specialised parenchymatous cells associated with the siene tubes of Angiospeun. se ene tube member and companion Cell arèses from Cemme mother cell. alember of Companicu Cell per siene tube memser Draries care to many) Nanow than siene tuse element, thin Walled cell with cellulosic Cell wall, have largas hominent acleus, connect to sicue are I elenent through plasmodesmata. Provide energy to seeve tuse elencut for philoun trafspertatea -

nangan Parenchyma: occur in both min secondry Phloem. → They are their wall cells lwil and uncleus. Is They have rimany Pit fields on their Scell wall a - Stores Starch as grauis, mainly for the food perposes. I ty fibres and schorenclama: Geth deadcells, posses lignified secondry cell walls. Hanesinal aild slightly bordered pit on their ball. a " seperate fibeces occur in the phloem of Withis ( Grapes) In some, they are very long, Called as bast fibres, They are leng soft silky en affearque here have inmeuse economie Importance. The legetative body of a tirgus is a cricellflar ar melticellular thalles Dimorphic fingi can change from the Inne

cricellular to mollicellular state depending on CAMEL0 Cell as , Cuct 04 fingi are referred to as yeast and Candida Aspecies are unicellular finge, alhlay the legetative stage consist of a fanfle or slender thread like strucllene fphae "It can grows on a serface en soil also. Indiefdual hyphat can be seen inder the microscope easily. Most fungal hyphae are divided into seferate cells by endinealls Called as septă, This one i, in some tingi have tiny holes allows rapid flow a nofrient and small molecules, called as perforated septa . posted a bread moulds & Lygomycota), the sexta are not seperated, and lead have large cells Centaining many nuclei, anamargenat Called as oenocytic hyphae, se VO