Question

1) What is Checksum byte in ROM and why is it useful? Please provide examples. 2) What is a macro and how is it issued? Please provide the Macro definitions. What are Modules and what are the advantages of their use. Please provide examples. 3) Use your virtual machine to run the following while loop on the command line (you may also create a script instead of typing each line). Try to experiment and modify and include the modified code with your answer. while true do ls -la Sleep 300 Done; 4) Why and how important is the use of virtual machine in conjunctions with the various operating systems (Linux, Windows, etc.) to microprocessors course.

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Answer 1

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1.
Answer)
The checksum is the field or values which are used for verifying the integrity of the file or the data transfer, thus it is used in checking the validity of the data, detecting errors that may have bee generated during transfer and transmission. Checksums are generated by the cryptographic hash functions and are assigned in the same way.

The checksum in ROM is the byte which is used to ensure the integrity of the content in the ROM and thus detects any corruption in the content of the ROM. In EEPROM which is the erasable and programmable ROM the checksum can be used for determining the EEPROM programming. The checksum uses here a byte to store the checksum value at the end of the series of bytes of the data.
The process of the checksum in ROM is :
a) Adding the bytes and dropping the carries
b) Taking the 2's complement of the sum of the first step, this is the checksum byte.

Example:
Hex code values are added.

Carries are dropped.

2's complement on the value which is the checksum.

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