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describe how deletion of one base in a gene or a substitution of one base in...

describe how deletion of one base in a gene or a substitution of one base in gene would affect translation?
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Insertion or deletion of one base in a gene would change the entire reading frame downstream to it. These type of mutations are known as frame shift mutation. Reading frame is group of three successive base pairs in DNA that constitutes codons (a group of three bases in mRNA) in mRNA which in turn constitutes amino acid. Insertion or deletion of base pairs which are not multiples of three will result into frame shift. Example of frame shift is given below-

Example - Gene sequence prior to addition - TAC CCC CGG TCA TTT CGG ATC

mRNA sequence -   AUG GGG GCC AGU AAA GCC UAG

Protein sequence - Met Gly Ala Ser Lys Ala STOP

Suppose insertion of G at fifth place then the reading frame will change to

TAC CGC CCG GTC ATT TCG GAT C    - New gene sequence

AUG GCG GGC CAG UAA AGC CUA G - new mRNA seq

Met Ala Gly Gln stop

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