Question

Mycoses Assignment The goal of this exercise is to introduce the students to different types of human mycoses, their modes of infection and the organs affected in human Each student is to do a thorough research on ten (10) different human mycoses. Give the following information for each mycosis a) Name of the disease e.g. candidiasis, blastomycosis etc (Common name of a disease, if available, should be used b) Type of mycosis- one of the following (e.g. superficial, c) Etiologic agent (Scientific name of the fungus d) Mode of infection (how humans are infected with the e) Organ(s) affected by the disease along with the scientific name) cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic) responsible for the disease in (a) fungus) f) Method of diagnosis (not symptoms); should be very specific e.g. specimen or tissue biopsy for culture of fungus; microscopic examination of.... for e.g. hyphae, spores etc g) Treatment (Be specific) NOTE: A. Do NOT use a genus as etiologic agent more than once. If a genus is responsible for more than one disease, you can only report one of the diseases. Only ONE tinea (ring worm) can be used B. Present your work in the format shown below (Extensive writing is NOT required) . One but not more than two lines for each than Example of Format: You have to show the following for each mycosis 1. a) Disease b) Type of mycosis c) Etiologic agent d) Mode of infection e) Organs affected f) Diagnosis g) Treatment

Answer 1

^{1.Candidiasis:-}

^{common name-Trush or oropharyngeal candidiasis,moniliasis}

^{Candidiasis is a fungal infection.There are over 20 species of Candida yeasts that can cause infection in humans, the most common of which is Candida albicans.Candida yeasts normally reside in the intestinal tract and can be found on mucous membranes and skin without causing infection; however, overgrowth of these organisms can cause symptoms to develop. Symptoms of candidiasis vary depending on the area of the body that is infected.}

^{mode of transmission:-direct contact,ingation and inhalation}

^{Diagnosis;-signs and sypmtoms,skin scrapping test}

^{Treatment;- fluconazole(diflucan)}

^{2.Blastomycosis;-}

^{Blastomycosis is an infection caused by a fungus called Blastomyces. The fungus lives in the environment, particularly in moist soil and in decomposing matter such as wood and leaves. Blastomyces mainly lives in areas of the United States and Canada surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys and the Great Lakes. People can get blastomycosis after breathing in the microscopic fungal spores from the air.}

^{the infection comes from soil mainly}

^{diagnosis by history, symptoms, physical examinations, and laborato test}

^{treatment-Most people with blastomycosis will need treatment with prescription antifungal medication. Itraconazole is a type of antifungal medication that is typically used to treat mild to moderate blastomycosis. Amphotericin B is usually recommended for severe blastomycosis}

^{3.Aspergillosis-}

^{Aspergillosis is an infection caused by Aspergillus, a common mold (a type of fungus) that lives indoors and outdoors. Most people breathe in Aspergillus spores every day without getting sick. However, people with weakened immune systems or lung diseases are at a higher risk of developing health problems due to Aspergillus. The types of health problems caused by Aspergillus include allergic reactions, lung infections, and infections in other organs.}

^{diagnosis-On chest X-ray and CT, pulmonary aspergillosis classically manifests as a halo sign, and later, an air crescent sign}

^{treatment- include voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin B in combination with surgical debridement.}

^{4.Coccidioidomycosis}

^{its also known as valley fever.infection caused by the fungus Coccidioides.eople can get Valley fever by breathing in the microscopic fungal spores from the air, although most people who breathe in the spores don’t get sick. Usually, people who get sick with Valley fever will get better on their own within weeks to months, but some people will need antifungal medication.}

^{diagnosis-Healthcare providers may do imaging tests such as chest x-rays or CT scans of your lungs to look for Valley fever pneumonia. They may also perform a tissue biopsy,}

^{treatment-On the whole, oral fluconazole and intravenous amphotericin B are used in progressive or disseminated disease, or in immunocompromised individuals. Amphotericin B used to be the only available treatment,}

^{5.Histoplasmosis}

^{Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by a fungus called Histoplasma. The fungus lives in the environment, particularly in soil that contains large amounts of bird or bat droppings. People can get histoplasmosis after breathing in the microscopic fungal spores from the air. Although most people who breathe in the spores don’t get sick, those who do may have a fever, cough, and fatigue}

^{diagnosis-Healthcare providers may do imaging tests such as chest x-rays or CT scans of your lungs. They may also collect a sample of fluid from your respiratory tract or perform a tissue biopsy}

^{treatment-Typical treatment of severe disease first involves treatment with amphotericin B, followed by oral itraconazole.}

^{6.Mucormycosis}

^{Mucormycosis (previously called zygomycosis) is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. These molds live throughout the environment. Mucormycosis mainly affects people with weakened immune systems and can occur in nearly any part of the body. It most commonly affects the sinuses or the lungs after inhaling fungal spores from the air, or the skin after the fungus enters the skin through a cut, scrape, burn, or other type of skin trauma.}

diagnosis-You may also need imaging tests such as a CT scan of your lungs, sinuses, or other parts of your body depending on the location of the suspected infection.

treatment-sually amphotericin B, posaconazole or isavuconazole. These medications are given through a vein (amphotericin B, posaconazole, isavuconazole) or by mouth (posaconazole, isavuconazole).

7.Ringworm

Ringworm poster: Protect Yourself From Itchy Rashes

Ringworm is a common skin infection that is caused by a fungus. It’s called “ringworm” because it can cause a circular rash (shaped like a ring) that is usually red and itchy. Anyone can get ringworm. The fungi that cause this infection can live on skin, surfaces, and on household items such as clothing, towels, and bedding.

Ringworm goes by many names. The medical terms are “tinea” or “dermatophytosis.” Other names for ringworm are based on its location on the body – for example, ringworm on the feet is also called “athlete’s foot.”

diagnosis-He or she may also take a small skin scraping to be examined under a microscope or sent to a laboratory for a fungal culture.

treatment-prescription products available to treat ringworm, including:

• Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex)
• Miconazole (Aloe Vesta Antifungal, Azolen, Baza Antifungal, Carrington Antifungal, Critic Aid Clear, Cruex Prescription Strength, DermaFungal, Desenex, Fungoid Tincture, Micaderm, Micatin, Micro-Guard, Miranel, Mitrazol, Podactin, Remedy Antifungal, Secura Antifungal)
• Terbinafine (Lamisil)
• Ketoconazole (Xolegel)

8. sporotrichosis-

.Sporotrichosis (also known as “rose gardener’s disease”) is a rare infection caused by a fungus called Sporothrix. This fungus lives throughout the world in soil and on plant matter such as sphagnum moss, rose bushes, and hay.

people get sporotrichosis by coming in contact with the fungal spores in the environment. Cutaneous (skin) infection is the most common form of the infection. It occurs when the fungus enters the skin through a small cut or scrape, usually after handling contaminated plant matter. Some cases of sporotrichosis have been associated with scratches or bites from animals, particularly cats.

diagnosis-Sporotrichosis is typically diagnosed when your healthcare provider takes a small tissue sample (biopsy) of the infected area of the body. The sample is sent to laboratory for tests (usually a fungal culture) to find out what is causing the infection. Blood tests can help diagnose severe sporotrichosis, but they often can’t diagnose a cutaneous (skin) infection.

treatment-he most common treatment for this type of sporotrichosis is itraconazole, taken by mouth for 3 to 6 months. Supersaturated potassium iodide (SSKI) is another treatment option for cutaneous (skin) sporotrichosis. However, SSKI and azole drugs like itraconazole should not be used during pregnancy.

9.talaromycosis-

Talaromycosis is an infection caused by the fungus Talaromyces marneffei. The name of the fungus and the name of the infection have changed. T. marneffei used to be called Penicillium marneffei, and talaromycosis used to be called penicilliosis.Talaromycosis only affects people who live in or visit Southeast Asia, southern China, or eastern India Most people who get talaromycosis have a medical condition that weakens their immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, or another condition that lowers the body’s ability to fight germs and sickness.

diagnosis-Talaromycosis can be diagnosed by using a small sample from the body part that is affected, for example: bone marrow, skin, blood, lung, or lymph node. The sample is sent to a laboratory for a fungal culture or to be examined under the microscope

treatment-Talaromycosis must be treated with prescription antifungal medicine. The most common treatment is amphotericin B, given through a vein for two weeks, followed by itraconazole, given by mouth for 10 weeks.Other antifungal medicines that can be used include itraconazole by itself or voriconazole.

10.Fungal nail infections are common infections of the fingernails or toenails that can cause the nail to become discolored, thick, and more likely to crack and break. Infections are more common in toenails than fingernails.The technical name for a fungal nail infection is “onychomycosis.”

diagnosis-Your healthcare provider may diagnose a fungal nail infection by looking at the affected nail and asking questions about your symptoms. He or she may also take a nail clipping to look at under a microscope or send to a laboratory for a fungal culture.

treatment-The best treatment for a fungal nail infection is usually prescription antifungal pills taken by mouth. In severe cases, a doctor might remove the nail completely. It can take several months to a year for the infection to go away.