Question

TABLE II. Probability of Independent Events Occurring COMBINATIONS OBSERVED % EXPECTED OBSERVED 1% EXPECTED % 27500 DEVIATION Heads-Heads 1754 10 25 60000 Heads-Tails or Tails-Heads 20 50 + 4 16000 Tails-Tails o 600/0 22.560 100% 10 40 25 100% -1 o 5000 Total 1000 PART III: Probability and Mendelian Genetics we can use the probability to predict the probability of given genetic traits appearing in the offspring of particular parents. Punnett squares can also be used to obtain these results. When gametes are formed, the pair of genes that determine a particular trait separate and one gene goes to each gamete. When fertilization occurs, a male and female gamete fuse. The resulting zygote, which develops into the new individual, now contains two genes for the trait. Which two of the parents' genes appear in the zygote is a result of chance. In this case, we will consider the inheritance in pea plants of round and wrinkled peas. R will represent the dominant gene for round peas and r will represent the recessive gene for wrinkled peas. 35000 1. Put a small piece of masking tape on each side of two pennies. On one penny write “R” on each side. On the other penny write "r" on each side. 2. Toss the pennies several times. Observations a. What combination of genes always appears? b. Would the offspring with these genes be round or wrinkled? 3. Replace the old tape with new tape. On each penny, write R on one side and r on the other side. Toss the coins simultaneously until all possible combinations of genes have appeared. Observations c. What combinations of genes appear? d. For each of the combinations, would the offspring be round or wrinkled? RR = - Rr= r= Clean-up: Remove and throw away the tape on the pennies. Return pennies (stealing from you biology teacher is bad). Answer conclusion questions.

Answer 1

ANSWERS: PART - IT OBSERVATIONS : 2. (a) Since the first penny has R written an both sides , and the second penny has 're written on both sides, the combination of genes that appears always is "Rre". (b). The will allele over Efsprings with I have round - "R" fore round allele "re" fore this genotype of Rre seeds, I since the phenotype es dominant cwrinkled phenotype. pis (@) Since each of the penny has "R" and "re" written on opposite sides, the combinations of genes that appear on tossing RR" "Rre", and "rer" of are : the above combination (d). The phenotype of each of would be as follow : RR - Round seeds. Rre – Round seeds, rere - Wrinkled reeds.

CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS : For questions 1 and 2, no information has been preovided. 8). The possible outcomes of lossing both coins simultaneously are as follows : HH, HT, TH, IT. Thence, the probability that tails appear on both coins = no. of favoweable outcomes (ie TT). Total no. of possible outcomes - I Cany) 4) Now, the probability that head fails (or tails-heads) will appeare = No. of Lavourable outcomes (ie HT, TH) - Total no. of possible outcomes. - on 7 Caus). of the two coins for 400 times, to be greater them 40 times. wee then than tossed simultaneously the deviation is expected the case of tessing

6) When plant the Lore the "RR" plant is creassed with "rere" , the resulting offsprings will have genotype -"Rr which is responsible producing round seeds 7) To answer question 6 Mendel's firest law ie Law of Dominance was used It states that when parents with pwee contreasting treats aree crossed together, only one form of treit appears in the next generation & The hybreid offsprings will exhibit only the dominant phenotype.