Question

1. What part of the gene (DNA) sequence is responsible for controlling when transcription can occur?

2. Please describe the purpose of cellular respiration using the words: food, oxygen, carbon dioxide, stored chemical energy, and ATP.

3. What is the purpose of an electron carrier such as NADPH, NADH or FADH2? Where do they take their electrons, for the most part?

Answer 1

9 . Answer o The called to present une The production of wilt RNA od transcription, which results on the from DNA, es pression of genes present in the DNA. The process of gene expression is highly elated by several regulatory sent upstream of the transcription T oo, sequences start Prole. The most inportant regulatory rence is the operator and is the in regulatory sequence responsible for ntrolling when trans eription should. actually occur. This is also responsible for tarning on and off of genes as per e requirement of the cell. the .: condition, when In normal genes is not required, the pression off. In this urned a case protein Wed Repressor or any other .. а intracellulas gene expression ar turned off. In the molecule called Repress euch molecule binds to the operator region and prevents the RNA polymerase nitiate transcription by moving further from the promoler region. the when cell Godes decides that the that to gene expression product is necessary test based on certain surrounding intracellular signals as inactivatio The repressor is made well. and initiation of transcription takes place from the promoter region. Thus through the binding or not of the repressor molecule to the operato regrons ie when the repressor is bound and when free, the timing of gene expression is decided. astante may be based o Signals or from 5 Celot SONA 3' - + - upstream upstream downstream P54 ME

esperation to provide curs en cells l's life processes imple sugar in the preso is oxidized tion is catabolie ir be 27. The main purpose of cellular respero is the breakdown of the food to prou energy. It is a process that occurs in to generate energy for the cell's life or this process , Glucose a simple su red in the prescence of oxygen The chemical reaction is cataboe energy enth es ein the form of ATP (Adenosine chale), which is the main is the in Triphosphate), which form ced chemical energy in the cele for other activities in the celo I are released as a be wait releasina nature and breaks down. of stored chemical ene. required for other act lite con and water are release product of the reaction. nor. The eleelron carrier the core 2x Electron carriers, also known as electron a shuttles, are are basically small organic molecules that play my roles in celouro respiration. The Theer main purpose up is to pick electrons from one molecule and dror them off with another. The eleelron. helps in the transport of electrons eith eport chain transport chaen Irrel Electron (ere), in which the ic electron transfer is coupled u counter of proton (Ht Cons) across a aune. which creates an electrochemical -drives gradient ATP ono that drives proton ATP synthesis sain for chemical chemical main as the form of energy a in the cell. alochron carriess, carries or a electron between be. electron shuttles acceptor a dona donor to form a redox oled reactions that helps in ablishment of electrochemical this the fron membrane, which e don and mm gradient.

Most of the gene expression in the cell is under a regulatory control and very few genes are present that are active in a constitutive manner .Those genes are called Housekeeping genes.The expression of these housekeeping genes takes place at a basal level continuously.

The processs of cellular respiration is a process of liberating energy by breaking a organic molecule ,Glucose.It is a catabolic process common in all forms of life from animal cell to plant and even bacteria and fungi.

Electron carriers plays a very vital role in Electron transport chain(ETC) which is the ultimae step in generating ATP by the help of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane.