11.
Bottlenecks in a population occur when a population's size is reduced for at least one generation and a founder effect occurs whenever a new colony gets started by a few members of the original population.
12.
Pseudoautosomal genes describes genes in the X- and Y- chromosomes that behave like autosomes during meiosis
According to Chegg Q&A guideline we are supposed to answer only first question. If you want answer for others post it as separate questions.
Thank you
will be as peorent The from allele that growcy in the now population of the original...