ATP formation as shown in this figure is driven by
a -
an efflux of toxic drugs.
b -
flagellar rotation.
c -
uptake of organic nutrients.
d -
the proton motive force.

I believe the correct answer to be:
Option D) Proton motive force.
That is used to drive Hydrogen ions through a protein called ATP synthase as a fuel which makes ATPs.
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ATP formation as shown in this figure is driven by a - an efflux of toxic...
of light (Figure 13). When they added oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors, no ATP was formed. No ATP was formed in artificial membranes without the bacteriorhodopsin. Question Why was it essential that both proteins were inserted in the membrane? Figure 1 bolized This model system provided evidence that the light-driven proton motive force drove the ATP synthase, generating cellular energy. "How to Make ATP" by Monica L. Tischler light Racker and Stoeckenius took the next step and incorporated proteins from bovine heart...