Question

1. For each ploidy indicate the number of homologous chromosomes
   1. Haploid
   2. Diploid
   3. Triploid
   4. Tetraploid

2. There are several types of genetic mutations at different levels (DNA, Chromosome, Gene Product).
   1. Name two

2. Describe what they have in common

3. Describe how they are different

Answer 1

1)

1. Haploid- has exactly half the number of chromosomes in a somatic cell i.e., n number of chromosomes. Example in humans, each parent contributes 23 numbers of chromosomes.
   
2. Diploid- has two homologous copies of each chromosomes from both parents i.e., 2n number of chromosomes. Example in humans, 46 numbers of chromosomes.
   
3. Triploid- has three homologous copies of each chromosome from either two sperms fertilizing one egg or one sperm fertilizing an egg with two copies of every chromosome. i.e., 3n number of chromosomes. Example in humans, 69 numbers of chromosomes.
   
4. Tetraploid- has four sets of chromosomes i.e., 4n. This occurs when a phase of meiosis is repeated one or more time, resulting in diploid gametes and tetraploid adults.

2)

1. Insertions: Eg. Beta- Thalassemia
   Deletions: Eg. Cystic Fibrosis
   
2. They both result in frameshift i.e., disruption of reading frame, hence a wrong amino acid is placed, translation of the genetic code, and the entire DNA sequence is read incorrectly.
   
3. In insertion, one or more nucleotides are inserted into replicating DNA. In deletion, one or more nucleotides skipped or removed during replication.