Question

Can someone please help me with these 5 questions?

Document2 View Share Comments AutoSaveFF $ 0 . Home Insert Draw Design Layout A. Times Now... 12A A Peste B Uvab x x A References Aa A A Mailings Review E E7 EE == Acrobat 2 1 S ABCDE And Normal No Spacing AaBbcod AaBbODE: AaBb, Heading Hercing 2 Title E Styles Pare Create and Share Request Adobe PDF Sienatures 12. How would you design an edible vaccine. What key event must happen for your edible vaccine to have a chance of working? What is one strength and one potential drawback of this manufacturing approach. 18. List three different organisms or systems used for the expression of therapeutic proteins (i.e. ones facilitated by recombinant DNA technology) 19. How would you engineer your protein so that it can be purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography? When you do the actual purification some other proteins co-purify with your target protein - what is a possible explanation for the co-purifying proteins? 20. Describe how you could generate a peptide library and identify a peptide-based compound that binds your target. 21. You have been charged to develop a strategy to make a vaccine against COVID19. What approach would you use to develop obtain specific antigens that could be used to stimulate antibody production. How would you test the efficacy of the generated antibodies? Describe the difference between passive and active immunizations and detail which approach would be better for combating the current coronavirus outbreaks against different populations of people Page 1 of 1 184 words 4 English (United States) Focus E - + 250%

Answer 1

12.Edible vaccines are obtained by incorporating a particular gene of interest into the plant, which produces the desirable encoded protein. Edible vaccines are specific to provide mucosal activity along with systemic immunity. Various foods that are used as alternative agents for injectable vaccines include cereals (wheat, rice, corn) fruits (bananas) and vegetables (lettuce, potatoes, tomatoes). Thus, edible vaccines overcome all the problems associated with traditional vaccines and prove to be best substitutes to traditional vaccines. Oral administration of edible vaccines proves to be promising agents for reducing the incidence of various diseases like hepatitis and diarrhea especially in the developing world, which face the problem of storing and administering vaccines.

Development of edible vaccines involves the process of incorporating the selected desired genes into plants and then enabling these altered plants to produce the encoded proteins. This process is known as transformation, and the altered plants are known as transgenic plants. Edible vaccines like traditional subunit vaccines consist of antigenic proteins and are devoid of pathogenic genes. Edible vaccines act by stimulating the mucosal as well as systemic immunity, as soon they meet the digestive tract lining. This dual mechanism of action of edible vaccines provide first-line defense against pathogens attacking via mucosa, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and carriers causing diarrhea, pneumonia, STDs, HIV etc.Edible vaccines include all vaccines that are produced in a type of edible format (i.e., part of a plant, its fruit, or subproducts derived from that plant) that, upon oral ingestion, stimulate the immune system . It is worth mentioning that edible does not necessarily mean nutritious, tasty, or organoleptically pleasing, since edible vaccines need only be safe (non-toxic) for human consumption.

The strenghth/advantage of this vaccine are

• Edible vaccines have efficient mode of action for immunization, as they do not require subsidiary elements to stimulate immune response.
• Edible vaccine unlike traditional vaccines brings forth mucosal immunity.
• Edible vaccines are comparatively cost effective, as they do not require cold chain storage like traditional vaccines
• Edible vaccines offer greater storage opportunities as they seeds of transgenic plants contain lesser moisture content and can be easily dried. In addition, plants with oil or their aqueous extracts possess more storage opportunities
• Edible vaccines do not need sophisticated equipments and machines as they could be easily grown on rich soils and the method is economical compared to cell culture grown in fermenters.dible vaccines are safe as they do not contain heat-killed pathogens and hence do not present any risk of proteins to reform into infectious organism.
• Edible vaccine production process can be scaled up rapidly by breeding.

Drabacks are

A limitation of transient transformation is that transformation must be repeated if new plant products are required Ultimately, both transformation systems have their advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of one of these systems depends on the long-term aims and/or urgency of implementing vaccination.

The quantity to be eaten is important, particularly in infants, who might spit it, eat only a part or eat it whole and throw it up afterwards. Lesser dosage fails to produce sufficient antibodies, and higher dosage may lead to tolerance.

• Individual may develop immune tolerance to the particular vaccine protein or peptide.
• Dosage required varies from generation to generation and, plant to plant, protein content, patient is age, weight, ripeness of the fruit and quantity of the food eaten.
• Edible vaccine administration requires methods for standardization of plant material/product as low doses may produce lesser number of antibodies and high doses are responsible immune tolerance.
• Edible vaccines are dependent on plant stability as certain foods cannot be eaten raw (e.g. potato) and needs cooking that cause denaturation or weaken the protein present in it
• Edible vaccines are prone to get microbial infestation e.g. potatoes containing vaccine can last long if stored at 4°C while a tomato cannot last long.
• Proper demarcation line is necessary between ‘vaccine fruit’ and ‘normal fruit’ to avoid misadministration of vaccine, which can lead to vaccine tolerance.
• Edible vaccine function can be hampered due to vast differences in the glycosylation pattern of plants and humans.

examples of edible vaccines are

• Transgenic potatoes for diarrhea

• Transgenic tomatoes against diarrhea

• Other transgenic plants like banana etc

13. Avariety of expression systems and protocols emerged, prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic in vivo protein expression systems are widely used. Protein type, requirements for functional activity and the desired yield influence the choice of the system. Bacterial, yeast, insect, mammalian - each system has advantages and challenges, and choosing the right system for the specific application is important for successful recombinant protein expression.o make recombinant proteins, the gene is isolated and cloned into an expression vector. Most recombinant proteins in therapeutic use are from humans but are expressed in other organisms such as bacteria, yeast, or animal cells in culture. Human genes are very complex, often containing large introns.