Question

2. List the structures and functions of the urinary system.

Answer 1

from a Excretory system of mammals example – Human Excretory system, Homan excretory system made up > One paio 06 Penya - One pair of Ureters A vrinary bladder - A vrethra. kidney - no vretes Y veinary bladder it Urethra function of excretory system - Removal metabolic waste from body. - During this process animals get rid of nitrogenous waste products of metabolism, including ammonia, urea, and wric aud. o

TT st of kidney- Reddish brown in colour nou Olin → Bean seed shaped 10-12 cm long, 5-7cm in width and 2-3 cm. in thickness. Avg. 120-170 g: → Left kidney is little higher than réght kidney. kidney divided into following parts - cortex - outer protective, portion Medulla - inner soft postion. Hilum- a depression located in the of the side concave middle of kidney where blood vesseles, nerves and the vreters enter and & exit the kidneys. Protective layer of kidney kidney protected by three layer Protecting layer Renal capsule Renal fascia Outer most covering attached with abdonunal wall. Adipose capsule Midder covering which made up from do adipose tissue Inner most layer which made up from Loose @ connective tissue.

Internal st. of kidney y cortex b It is where the blood is filtered y Do Pelvis uby Medulla It is hollow and it contain cavity where the collecting urine acce- duct which mulate & carry fiterate drains into to the pelwis Ureter bandi? Renal fascia Adipose capsule Renal capsule Renal artery o Renal vein Reneil pelvis Hilium т. Moodle Medullary Pyramid cortex retea It

Nephron - The function unit of the kidney are called nephron seach kidney has 1 million, nephson. Nephrons are located in the renal cortes except for their loop of Henle, which descend in to renal medulla. =) o Nephron has two part I double walled aped Capshaped structures * Renal corpuscle/ Renal capsule Bow mansmass of thin wall capsule led capillaries] glomerulus Renal Tubule series of single layer tubules. which has following part s Proximal convulated tubule Loop of Henele fenestrae are pore in endothelial walls of glomerulus. Podocyles are special type of cells of Bowman's capsule L Distal convulat, ed tubule filteration slits Note! kidneys are made up of nephoons. Blood enters the nephron, where impurities are filtered out and enptied in to collecting duct. The purified blood leaves the nephron through renal vein.

Bowman's capsule olunur allt glomerulus - DCT PLT 1 Henle's Loop - colleching duct vasa racta Vreters - approximately 6-7 inches long. arise from hilus part of kidney & open inte fundus part of urinary bladder. - Madeup bom three layers of tissue. * Smooth muscle * fibrous tissue * Часоu (cЧес * * * - peristalsis, a shythmic contraction of the vreters smooth muscle which help to move the urine into the bladder.

Vunary bladder Hollow muscular organ that store mine. it told 300 - 400 ml of blood before crination The trigone is a triangular area at the house of the bladder where the meters enter and the are three exits. urinaly bladder also made up from three layer of tissue. & smooth muscle fibrous tissue mucous layer. I 5 Urethra A title of smooth muscle with so mucous lining that cassies Vrine bom the bladder to the outside of the body. female urethra male urethra. - Near about 1.5 inches long - Near about sinches. & passes through three - open through the meatus inside vulva region of * Prostate gland * Membranous Temale external porno genetalia, Penus different regions * *

MonuUy - & 10 Blood present in the glomerular is WR - 29 separated from the capsular space Bow man capsule by * endothelium of glimesulur bleed vessels * Basement membran Blood vesseles - Bowman's capsule Visceral or innes wall of Bowman's capsule Basement brane Inwall of Bowman's capsules 9 membra Endo thelium of Blood vesseles "Plasma Deve lopement of biltration pressure • Wider diameter of afferent arteriole- as compared to the diameter of efferent arteriole.

Wk - 29 rate Glomerular biltration 26 ml/min @ 100 el dey. About 1250 ml of blood arousale per- minutes through two kichney e out of on it 650- 7oome in plasma. this is called renal plasma flow Filtration fraction is the ratio of GER & RPF. FF -os GFR mbren) 2 - 1255 - 0:17 RPF (ml/min TFF = 0.20 filtration Auto regulation of glomerular to myogenic auto regulation pul BP & qed GFR 7 V caused wall i over strate 1 vascular resulting release of Cap son in of rom extracellular fluid in to the cells . After all is said and done more is said than done

WK -29 LIL . & 10 Tubular Reabsorphion ultra filtration is non selective - 100 ll day renal filtrate generate While 10- 115 elday urine fomed. - 99% de absorption ocent by epithelial cells. - re absorption occur Proximel combulated tubules loop of hente A distal combulected tubule & collecting duct. Reabsorption occur by both active & passive transport Reabsorption in proximal convuleited tubulet 3 o mejor seat of absarphion Cuboidal call of PCT richior in mitochondria ţ microvlli. micro ville & ped the absorphine surface by some 20 time 70- 90% of total renal filtrak absorb in PCT. Glucose - whole Mat 70% cart - most of Hear - got. Someday is not a day of the week. Ascorbic arid, RT - 75% Aninoarid

JULY 20 199-166 obligatory water reabsorption orcus in PCT Saturday a white faculative water reabsorption Eid al Fitr (End of Rai occurs in der L optional water S absorption des cu Ht 1 HO Hes Active bens par diffusion. simple ict LpNH to Nach a nalt Nacht vrea. A Nacio h Ich I 951027 Ito a NIB to 759 to Ma vital kwate Vintah PCT AT 200-165 Sunday Eid al Fitr Holiday, Hari Raya Puasa (day och his outer medulla gnier medulla ortex Warning: dates on this calendar are closer than they appear.

- Monday al Fitr Holiday • Water reabsorbed by simple diffusiën WR-30 & water = Reabsorption in the loop of henle - o loop of henble show mall reabsorption loop of herle 11 12 Ascending loop Descending of henle 1 Ob heute 2 thick Nach thickt impermeable forwater active tuin thin Eransport Macl pearmeable for water Simple diffusion Distal conbulated Reabsorption in the loop tubule I . It depends upon the hormone's aldosterone F as activity of vaso pressin

2-30 Tuesday 21 Reabsorption al in the collecting tubules their walls become permeable and allow reabsorption of water only in presence of ADLH or vasopressin hormone. • Tubular secretion Only 15-265% of blood out of glomerular plasma biltrate, is filtered 12 - Ht , NH₃ Kt, itt vrea u PCT DCT loop of voch hente (Ascendi umb). Counter Current mechanism The concentration of urine is due to е (оор с 6 hondo. Human kidney urine nearly four time concn. descending loop - permeable to water senal filtrate 300 mosm/2 filtrake more towards renal corlex to remal medulla & osmalarity red up to 1200 mosm/L gradient formed by Mall & rear fitneso Osmotic

N A Wk - 30 Nach is transpodded returned to the interstitium by the ascending portion of rasa recta similarly, small amount of vrea enter then segment of the ascending umb of loop of Henle's which is taans- ported back to the interstitium by the collecting duch. This mechanism called counter current mechanism. nach H2O 1300 300 Nac- 1400 It May 600 Hot HO AL 5900 H2o. 900 ENGC 160 /1000 to 1200 Nach vrea 1200 e Nach & ho - descending 4 H2O Коlоор Anach * Nao A Naci HH2O The purpose of life is a life of purpose. Ascending loop. casa neta

Wk - 30 H2O H Nach H2o- I had ho 10 Anach large volume of dilute mine 11 12 Absence of A DH ملا مه لا H2O Nag Ho Ho tho- Hol- 1 Nad thot Inay small amout concentreated urine prewми ФН

Thursday 23 WR-30 Regulation af kichiey function o w Regulation of ADH dehydration salt ingesh red Blood osmolarity more than 300 osm 12 thrist centre asmorecephis in hypothalamu] - thirst Posterior lobe of pituitary gland drinking Alexe & Фрн) ofwater qe e absorbtion of I water in DCT & I collecting duct qed Blood volume ved plood osmolarity

Answer 2

from a Excretory system of mammals example – Human Excretory system, Homan excretory system made up > One paio 06 Penya - One pair of Ureters A vrinary bladder - A vrethra. kidney - no vretes Y veinary bladder it Urethra function of excretory system - Removal metabolic waste from body. - During this process animals get rid of nitrogenous waste products of metabolism, including ammonia, urea, and wric aud. o

TT st of kidney- Reddish brown in colour nou Olin → Bean seed shaped 10-12 cm long, 5-7cm in width and 2-3 cm. in thickness. Avg. 120-170 g: → Left kidney is little higher than réght kidney. kidney divided into following parts - cortex - outer protective, portion Medulla - inner soft postion. Hilum- a depression located in the of the side concave middle of kidney where blood vesseles, nerves and the vreters enter and & exit the kidneys. Protective layer of kidney kidney protected by three layer Protecting layer Renal capsule Renal fascia Outer most covering attached with abdonunal wall. Adipose capsule Midder covering which made up from do adipose tissue Inner most layer which made up from Loose @ connective tissue.

Internal st. of kidney y cortex b It is where the blood is filtered y Do Pelvis uby Medulla It is hollow and it contain cavity where the collecting urine acce- duct which mulate & carry fiterate drains into to the pelwis Ureter bandi? Renal fascia Adipose capsule Renal capsule Renal artery o Renal vein Reneil pelvis Hilium т. Moodle Medullary Pyramid cortex retea It

Nephron - The function unit of the kidney are called nephron seach kidney has 1 million, nephson. Nephrons are located in the renal cortes except for their loop of Henle, which descend in to renal medulla. =) o Nephron has two part I double walled aped Capshaped structures * Renal corpuscle/ Renal capsule Bow mansmass of thin wall capsule led capillaries] glomerulus Renal Tubule series of single layer tubules. which has following part s Proximal convulated tubule Loop of Henele fenestrae are pore in endothelial walls of glomerulus. Podocyles are special type of cells of Bowman's capsule L Distal convulat, ed tubule filteration slits Note! kidneys are made up of nephoons. Blood enters the nephron, where impurities are filtered out and enptied in to collecting duct. The purified blood leaves the nephron through renal vein.

Bowman's capsule olunur allt glomerulus - DCT PLT 1 Henle's Loop - colleching duct vasa racta Vreters - approximately 6-7 inches long. arise from hilus part of kidney & open inte fundus part of urinary bladder. - Madeup bom three layers of tissue. * Smooth muscle * fibrous tissue * Часоu (cЧес * * * - peristalsis, a shythmic contraction of the vreters smooth muscle which help to move the urine into the bladder.

Vunary bladder Hollow muscular organ that store mine. it told 300 - 400 ml of blood before crination The trigone is a triangular area at the house of the bladder where the meters enter and the are three exits. urinaly bladder also made up from three layer of tissue. & smooth muscle fibrous tissue mucous layer. I 5 Urethra A title of smooth muscle with so mucous lining that cassies Vrine bom the bladder to the outside of the body. female urethra male urethra. - Near about 1.5 inches long - Near about sinches. & passes through three - open through the meatus inside vulva region of * Prostate gland * Membranous Temale external porno genetalia, Penus different regions * *

MonuUy - & 10 Blood present in the glomerular is WR - 29 separated from the capsular space Bow man capsule by * endothelium of glimesulur bleed vessels * Basement membran Blood vesseles - Bowman's capsule Visceral or innes wall of Bowman's capsule Basement brane Inwall of Bowman's capsules 9 membra Endo thelium of Blood vesseles "Plasma Deve lopement of biltration pressure • Wider diameter of afferent arteriole- as compared to the diameter of efferent arteriole.

Wk - 29 rate Glomerular biltration 26 ml/min @ 100 el dey. About 1250 ml of blood arousale per- minutes through two kichney e out of on it 650- 7oome in plasma. this is called renal plasma flow Filtration fraction is the ratio of GER & RPF. FF -os GFR mbren) 2 - 1255 - 0:17 RPF (ml/min TFF = 0.20 filtration Auto regulation of glomerular to myogenic auto regulation pul BP & qed GFR 7 V caused wall i over strate 1 vascular resulting release of Cap son in of rom extracellular fluid in to the cells . After all is said and done more is said than done

WK -29 LIL . & 10 Tubular Reabsorphion ultra filtration is non selective - 100 ll day renal filtrate generate While 10- 115 elday urine fomed. - 99% de absorption ocent by epithelial cells. - re absorption occur Proximel combulated tubules loop of hente A distal combulected tubule & collecting duct. Reabsorption occur by both active & passive transport Reabsorption in proximal convuleited tubulet 3 o mejor seat of absarphion Cuboidal call of PCT richior in mitochondria ţ microvlli. micro ville & ped the absorphine surface by some 20 time 70- 90% of total renal filtrak absorb in PCT. Glucose - whole Mat 70% cart - most of Hear - got. Someday is not a day of the week. Ascorbic arid, RT - 75% Aninoarid

JULY 20 199-166 obligatory water reabsorption orcus in PCT Saturday a white faculative water reabsorption Eid al Fitr (End of Rai occurs in der L optional water S absorption des cu Ht 1 HO Hes Active bens par diffusion. simple ict LpNH to Nach a nalt Nacht vrea. A Nacio h Ich I 951027 Ito a NIB to 759 to Ma vital kwate Vintah PCT AT 200-165 Sunday Eid al Fitr Holiday, Hari Raya Puasa (day och his outer medulla gnier medulla ortex Warning: dates on this calendar are closer than they appear.

- Monday al Fitr Holiday • Water reabsorbed by simple diffusiën WR-30 & water = Reabsorption in the loop of henle - o loop of henble show mall reabsorption loop of herle 11 12 Ascending loop Descending of henle 1 Ob heute 2 thick Nach thickt impermeable forwater active tuin thin Eransport Macl pearmeable for water Simple diffusion Distal conbulated Reabsorption in the loop tubule I . It depends upon the hormone's aldosterone F as activity of vaso pressin

2-30 Tuesday 21 Reabsorption al in the collecting tubules their walls become permeable and allow reabsorption of water only in presence of ADLH or vasopressin hormone. • Tubular secretion Only 15-265% of blood out of glomerular plasma biltrate, is filtered 12 - Ht , NH₃ Kt, itt vrea u PCT DCT loop of voch hente (Ascendi umb). Counter Current mechanism The concentration of urine is due to е (оор с 6 hondo. Human kidney urine nearly four time concn. descending loop - permeable to water senal filtrate 300 mosm/2 filtrake more towards renal corlex to remal medulla & osmalarity red up to 1200 mosm/L gradient formed by Mall & rear fitneso Osmotic

N A Wk - 30 Nach is transpodded returned to the interstitium by the ascending portion of rasa recta similarly, small amount of vrea enter then segment of the ascending umb of loop of Henle's which is taans- ported back to the interstitium by the collecting duch. This mechanism called counter current mechanism. nach H2O 1300 300 Nac- 1400 It May 600 Hot HO AL 5900 H2o. 900 ENGC 160 /1000 to 1200 Nach vrea 1200 e Nach & ho - descending 4 H2O Коlоор Anach * Nao A Naci HH2O The purpose of life is a life of purpose. Ascending loop. casa neta

Wk - 30 H2O H Nach H2o- I had ho 10 Anach large volume of dilute mine 11 12 Absence of A DH ملا مه لا H2O Nag Ho Ho tho- Hol- 1 Nad thot Inay small amout concentreated urine prewми ФН

Thursday 23 WR-30 Regulation af kichiey function o w Regulation of ADH dehydration salt ingesh red Blood osmolarity more than 300 osm 12 thrist centre asmorecephis in hypothalamu] - thirst Posterior lobe of pituitary gland drinking Alexe & Фрн) ofwater qe e absorbtion of I water in DCT & I collecting duct qed Blood volume ved plood osmolarity