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In the description, you must describe the mutation in detail and in the consequences must include diseases, syndromes or physiological or physical effects of the mutation. CONSEQUENCES MUTATION DESCRIPTION 11. Shift mutations 12. Mutations in the genotype 13. Mutations forward 14. Inverse mutations 15. Mutations in the genotype 16. Deletion mutations 17. Beneficial mutations 18. Suppressor mutations 19. Germinal line mutation 20. Somatic mutations
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In the description, you must describe the mutation in detail and in the consequences must include diseases, syndromes or physiological or physical effects of the mutation CONSEQUENCES MUTATION DESCRIPTION 11. Shift mutations Insertion or deletion of single base pairs in DNA results in frame shift mutations, in this; the reading frame shifts at the point of mutation and results in non-functional proteins. For example, Tay-Sachs disease is caused by frame-shift mutation. 12. Mutations in the genotype utations in the genotype can be point mutation or large scale mutation. The change in single nucleotide results in point mutation, which is of different types such as silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and frame-shift mutations. Large scale mutations involve extensive changes in the DNA structure such as breakup of whole DNA and their re-joining results in the whole genetic sequence change. Translocation mutation is a type of large scale mutation, the given example is a type of point mutation. For example, acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia are caused by chromosomal translocations 13. Mutations forward In this mutation, a functional allele or a gene is converted into a nonfunctional or mutant gene or allele. For example, the UV radiation can damage the pyrimidine bases (thymine and cytosine) of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and form abnormal linkages and form pyrimidine diners. These đmers interfere with the replication and transcription of DNA. Thus, the cel ular growth is inhibited and 14. Inverse mutations In this mutation, the chromosome is reversed end to end. The inversion can be paracentric, or pericentric. For example, the inversion of chromosome 9 causes increased chances of miscarriage or infertility.

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