Question

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Adderall is a stimulant. It is a commonly prescribed drug for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, 4-10% of college students report using stimulants without a prescription (nonmedical use) (e.g.. Arria et al. 2008) or use it in ways that are inconsistent with the prescribing physician's instructions (e.g., extremely high doses, snorting, injecting). Adderall is sometimes referred to as the "study or smart drug" because stimulants can help an individual stay awake and concentrate longer. As a stimulant, Adderall increases dopamine and norepinephrine (NE) levels in the central nervous system. In addition, Adderall increases the amount of NE in circulation. NE binds to blood vessels causing the same response as Angiotensin II. Adderall is a Schedule II controlled substance, which means there is a high risk for addiction or abuse. Although appropriate levels of dopamine and NE in the brain can help with alertness and concentration, too much dopamine and NE can have toxic effects on the brain and other organs in the body such as skeletal muscle. Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome in which skeletal muscle cells are destroyed. This results in large quantities of myoglobin in the plasma, which can lead to renal tubule obstruction. inhal injection snorting/snuffing Ingestion time after drug administration Figure 1. Various drug routes into the body

Answer 1

1)increased heart rate and increased blood pressure

2) increased GFR and increased urine output

3)hypothalamus