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Within actinoptyregians there are "chondrosteans" and "holosteans". Among these two groups we see vestiges of more...

Within actinoptyregians there are "chondrosteans" and "holosteans". Among these two groups we see vestiges of more primitive gnathostome (shark) anatomy. What are some of these primitive traits?
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  • Chondrosteans: Sturgeons and paddle fish are the examples, are cartilagenous fish, shows calcification to some degrees, possess spiracles, a heterocercal tail, absence of scales, in features more relates to teleosts. Their ancestors show bony natured skeleton with eel like compressed body, covered with scales.
  • Holostean: These possess bony skeleton, spiracles reduced, skeleton is ossified, shows scales, show mixed characters of sharks and teleosts. They inhabit fresh water. Fossil records show holosteans are once lived extensively in oceans, with big jaws to take molluscans and corals as food.
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