Question

Among a total of 1000 college freshmen, a total of 450 have consumed energy drinks and 375 have used alcohol. Of those who . consumed energy drinks, 305 have used alcohol 1. Using energy drink consumption as the exposure and alcohol use as the "disease," create a contingency table with the data (1 points) 2. In order to determine internal validity of the study, what information (at least two things) would you want/need to know? Why is each important for internal validity? 3. In order to determine the external validity of the study, what information (at least two things) would you want/need to know? Why is each important for external validity?

In study concerned with the possible effects of air pollution on the development of chronic bronchitis, the following data were obtained. A population of 11,000 men aged 45 years was examined in January 2010. Of these, 7500 lived in areas where they were exposed to air pollution and 3500 did not. At an examination, 115 cases of chronic bronchitis were discovered, 55 among those exposed to air pollution. 4. Using the information above, create a contingency table which represents the data (1 points). 5. In the entire sample, what is the prevalence of bronchitis? 6. Continuing using the above example, five years later in 2015, all men who did not have bronchitis in January 2010 were re- examined and 279 cases of bronchitis were found. What is the incidence rate of bronchitis?

7. There were 2,712,630 deaths in the United States in 2015. What additional information is required to calculate the mortality rate?

8. If 175 of the 3200 individuals infected with West Nile Virus died. What is the case fatality rate?

Answer 1