Question

1. Describe the processes by which fatty acids are transported in the blood, activated and transported into the matrix of the mitochondria for breakdown to obtain energy. (Specifically, determine the role of carnitine palmitoyl transferase in the oxidation of fatty acids.)

2. Explain the processes by which fatty acids are released from triacylglycerol stored in adipose tissue.

3. Outline the β-oxidation pathway by which fatty acids are metabolized to acetyl-CoA and explain how this leads to the production of large quantities of ATP.

4. Identify the three compounds termed “ketone bodies” and describe the reactions by which they are formed in liver mitochondria.

5. Recognize that ketone bodies are important fuels for extrahepatic tissues and indicate the conditions in which their synthesis and use are favored.

Answer 1

1-

2-fatty acids are released and it is released between meals.It released from the fat deposited in the adipose tissue and there these fatty acids are stored in adipose tissue.

the process is-

-the removal of the fatty acid chains from the glycerol is called as lipolysis and this process is carried out by lipases.

-when the fatty acids are freed from glycerol then it enters into the blood which transport them throughout the body.

-the fatty acids which have long chains they enter into the metabolizing cells.

-then the long chain fatty acid catalyzes the reaction between the fatty acid and ATP because to give a fatty acid adenylate.

-then it reacts with coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl-CoA molecule.

-then it is entered into the mitochondrion and stored there.

this is the complete process.

3-This process occurs in the mitochondria, this process is strictly aerobic.By this process Acetyl-CoA is produced.

The B-oxidation of fatty acid occurs in 3 stages.

-Activation of fatty acid in cytosol.

-Transport of fatty acid into mitochondria.

-beta oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix.

as an example we will take palmitic acid and its beta oxidation process occurs in 7 cycle and it produce 8 acetyl- CoA.

  - in each cycle FADH2 and NADH+H is produced and both consists 2 and 3 ATP respectively.in one cycle total no of atp produced is 5.so in 7 cycles total ATP will be=(5 * 7)=35.

-each acetyl Coa which is oxidized in cytric cycle gives 12 ATP,so (8 cycle*12)=96 ATP.

-2 ATP are utilized in the activation of fatty acid.

formula is ,energy gain=energy produced-energy utilized=35 ATP+96 ATP-2 ATP=129 ATP.Thus this process leads to production of large number of ATP.

4-Three compound termed ketone bodies are-acetone,acetoacetic acid,beta hydroxybutyric acid.

5-answer of 5th ques-