Question

1. According to Robert Trivers, why are men generally larger and more physically aggressive than women?

1. Because women are more reproductively “valuable” than men, hence competition for mates is fiercer among men
2. Because men invest more heavily in reproduction than women
3. Because men secrete more testosterone
4. Trivers’ theory does not speculate on the origin of the sex difference in size and physical aggression

2. Although some women are interested in casual sex (short-term mating), research has suggested that there are differences in the way men and women experience this interest. Which of the following is NOT one of these sex differences?

1. Men are interested in casual sex in more frequent and varied types of circumstances than women
2. Women generally do not enjoy sex as much as men do
3. Unless severely intoxicated, women generally need at least a minimal amount of time to get to know a person slightly before engaging in casual sex, whereas men do not necessarily need any time at all—intoxicated or not
4. Women may experience emotional conflict or negative emotions following casual sex, whereas men generally do not

3. Why is that females need to do comparatively little to attract a male?

1. Because they invest the least in reproduction
2. Because they are valuable and attractive just because they are female
3. Because males find all females more or less equally attractive
4. None of the above answer is correct

4. Trivers’ theory of parental investment is described in as “elegant” for three reasons.                                                                        Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons?

1. Because it is complex, yet easily understood
2. It applies to all sexually reproducing species
3. It makes predictions about the greater- and lesser-investing sexes, not males and females in particular
4. It explains many different sex differences in sexual and reproductive behavior

5. Women have a limited number of reproductive opportunities in their lifetime, lasting several days each (the fertile phase of the reproductive cycle). In their entire lives, approximately how many such opportunities do women have?

1. 200
2. 250
3. 300
4. 350

6. As recounted by Dr. Okami, Kirsten, the little girl who thought her mother had eaten a baby, was using excellent logic to arrive at her conclusion. But why was this conclusion all wrong?

1. Because the assumptions on which her conclusion was based were incorrect
2. Because her parents had not explained the facts of sexuality to her.
3. Because her mother had jokingly patted her tummy and complained of having overeaten
4. None of the above is the correct answer

7. Which of the following is NOT among the psychological adaptations described in class?

1. Men’s preference for young women as mates
2. Taste preferences for sweet and fatty food
3. Women’s preferences for specific male body types
4. Pregnancy sickness

8. Heterosexual women are less likely than men to find the mere sight of an attractive nude person of the other sex sexually arousing. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons?

1. There is an evolutionary history of sexual violence against women
2. It is in men’s reproductive interest to be easily aroused so that they may mate more often, but the same is not true for women
3. Men receive visual cues to women’s fertility, so visual signals of youth and health would be arousing. Women do not need fertility cues in a mate
4. Women have been taught to be sexually modest and conservative, and so they suppress easy sexual arousal

9. Compared to other mammals, human females compete at least to some degree for male attention and also ornament themselves. Why does this support rather than refute Trivers’s theory?

1. Because a certain amount of female-female competition and ornamentation is observed among all mammals
2. Because human males provide more parental investment than most male mammals
3. Because men provide almost as much parental investment as women
4. None of the answers above are correct

10. The fact that organisms are in a kind of “arms race” with parasites and predators, and that this is the principal cause of the evolution of sexual reproduction is known as:

1. Sexual selection
2. Robert Trivers’ theory of parental investment and sexual selection
3. The Red Queen hypothesis
4. Theory of sociosexual orientation

11. Which of the following is part of a long-term mating strategy?

1. Early interest in sex
2. More partners in adulthood
3. Less investment in each partner
4. Later first sexual experiences

12. Which of the following is part of a long-term mating strategy?

1. Early interest in sex
2. More partners in adulthood
3. Less investment in each partner
4. Later first sexual experiences

13. An example of environmental mismatch might be:

1. Taste preferences for sweet and fatty food
2. Pregnancy sickness
3. Incest prohibitions
4. Men’s interest in young women

14. In the lightbulb analogy of adaptation, heat produced by old-fashioned lightbulbs would be:

1. Adaptation
2. By-product of adaptation
3. Random noise
4. Genetic drift

15. The idea that the best explanations or theories are those that contain the fewest unnecessary assumptions is known as the principle of ______________.

1. Falsifiability
2. Simplicity
3. Parsimony
4. None of the above is correct

16. Infants born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) have been ________________.

1. exposed to unusually high levels of testosterone and other androgens as fetuses
2. exposed to unusually low levels of testosterone and other androgens as fetuses
3. exposed to unusually high levels of both testosterone and estrogen as fetuses
4. exposed only to unusually high levels of estrogen as fetuses

17. Sexual selection includes two processes. What are they?

1. Intersexual selection and intrasexual selection
2. Intersexual selection and competition for mates
3. Mate preferences and intrasexual selection
4. None of the above is correct

18. The term used by Howard Becker to describe people whose “preoccupation [with a social problem] becomes their occupation” is:

1. Moral Police
2. Moral entrepreneurs
3. Ethical monitors
4. Spiritual entrepreneurs
5. Ethical police

19. True or false: Evolution is a fact. Natural selection is a theory about how the most important evolutionary events occur.

1. True
2. False

20. True or false: Environmental mismatch occurs when an adaptation is no longer adaptive in an environment that differs from the one in which it evolved.

1. True
2. False

21. True or false: Most psychological adaptations are sexually dimorphic.

1. True
2. False

22. True or false: Among most mammals, only the male displays physical adornments, characteristics, or behaviors that have no use other than attracting females.

1. True
2. False

23. True or False: Most psychological characteristics and mechanisms are adaptations.

1. True
2. False

24. True or false: Adaptation is a noun; adaptive is an adjective

1. True
2. False

25. True or False: The Ophidon Pipe Fish discussed in class is an example of extremely minimal male parental investment and extremely exaggerated female parental investment.

1. True
2. False

26. True or False: Evolutionary psychologists believe that people are motivated to have sex in order to ensure that their genes will survive into the next generation.

1. True
2. False

27. True or false: A restricted sociosexual orientation favors a short-term mating strategy.

1. True
2. False

28. True or False: According to evolutionary psychology, human behavior is produced by environmental experience interacting with innate psychological and biological mechanisms designed to process the environmental “input.”

1. True
2. False

29. True or False: According to the chapter, evolutionary psychology is good at answering questions of why, while SCSPT is particularly good at answering questions of how.

1. True
2. False

30. True or False: The primary ultimate (i.e. evolutionary) explanation for dramatic sex differences in size, strength, and aggression (when they exist) is monogamous pair bonding.

1. True
2. False

Answer 1

1. The correct answer is Option A. Because women are more reproductively “valuable” than men, hence competition for mates is fiercer among men.
2. The correct answer is Option B. Women generally do not enjoy sex as much as men do.
3. The correct answer is Option D. None of the above are correct.
4. The correct answer is Option B. Because it applies to all sexually reproducing species.
Please post the other questions separately. As per our answering guidelines we are supposed to answer just one question or four sub parts of the same question.