Question

According to Hamilton's rule, _____.

Question 1 options:

	1) it is impossible for natural selection to favor behavior that causes the death of the altruist
	2) natural selection favors altruistic acts if the fitness benefit to relatives is greater than the cost to the actor
	3) natural selection will always favor offspring over siblings Hint: how related are you to your siblings and your potential children?
	4) kin selection is the same as reciprocal altruism
	5) humans are the exception

Question 2 (0.5 points)

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During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked for explanations of the behavior. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a reflex that contracted the wing muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement best describes these explanations?

Question 2 options:

	1) The first explanation is correct, but the second is incorrect.
	2) The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation.
	3) The first explanation is biological, whereas the second is philosophical.
	4) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not.
	5) Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion.

Question 3 (0.5 points)

A male lizard bobbing his head while exposing his dewlap (a colorful flap of skin hanging from his throat) is an example of a(n) _____.

Question 3 options:

	1) auditory communication signal
	2) mechanical (vibrational) communication signal
	3) a pheromone signal
	4) a cue for a fixed action pattern
	5) a visual communication signal

Question 4 (0.5 points)

Feeding behavior that balances the amount of calories obtained with energetic costs of catching or finding the food is called _____.

Question 4 options:

	1) herbivory
	2) autotrophy
	3) heterotrophy
	4) search scavenging
	5) optimal foraging

Question 5 (0.5 points)

With regard to understanding the evolution of cooperation, the principal prediction that can be made from the expression Br > C is that _____.

Question 5 options:

	1) natural selection will favor cooperation among close relatives
	2) cooperation evolves because it benefits all members of a species equally
	3) cooperation evolves because it enhances the species' fitness
	4) selection ALWAYS favors self-sacrifice in fitness (reproduction or survival) for relatives
	5) natural selection will favor cooperation among any individuals

Question 6 (0.5 points)

Correctly match the definition with the method of navigation:

Question 6 options:

123 the ability to locate a specific place on Earth’s surface 123 movement oriented in a specific direction 123 the use of familiar landmarks

1. Piloting 2. ​Compass orientation 3. True navigation

Question 7 (0.5 points)

If an animal performs a complex behavior, it always means they are consciously aware of the fitness consequences of that behavior.

Question 7 options:

	True
	False

Question 8 (0.5 points)

innate behavior is more flexible than learned behavior

Question 8 options:

	True
	False

Answer 1

Answer 1:- option (2). Natural selection favors altruistic acts if the fitness benefit to relatives is greater than the cost of the actor.

Hamilton's rule states that, natural selection favors altruism when,

rB - C > 0

where, r = relatedness between altruist and recipient

B = fitness benefit to recipient

C = fitness cost to the altruist

Answer 2 :- option (2). The first explaination refers to the proximate causation, whereas the second explaination refers to the ultimate causation.

• Proximate causation refers to how an animal behaves and it focuses on the immediate causes of the behavior. It focuses on the environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior and the genetic, physiological and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavior. So when the moth is touched it immediately raises it's wings by sensory mechanism is the proximate causation.
• Ultimate causation refers to why the animal show that particular behavior i.e., the purpose of the behavior and it focuses on the evolutionary significance of the behavior. So, the moth raises it's wings to expose it's large eye spots to scare the predators is an ultimate causation.

Answer 3 :- option (5) ​​​​​a visual communication signal.

Head bobbing by some lizards is a non-verbal/non-auditory visual display to communicate with the recepient of the signal.

Male lizards show head bobbing to :-

• Indicate aggression, territoriality and dominance
• Attract opposite sex i.e., for courtship behavior.

Answer 4. option (5). Optimal foraging.

According to optimal foraging theory, the organisms forage in a way that maximizes energy intake per unit of time i.e., most calories in least amount of time. For this the organisms either attempt to maximize energy gained or minimize time spent in order to obtain a fixed amount of energy.

Answer 6. (123) The ability to locate a specific place on Earth's surface - (3) True navigation.

(123) Movement oriented in a specific direction - (2) Compass orientation.

(123) The use of familiar landmarks - (1) Piloting.