Question

Instructions

Before beginning work on this assignment, please review the expanded grading rubric for specific instructions relating to content and formatting.

For your project, using the South University Online Library or the Internet, research and select three current epidemiological studies regarding risk factors that are associated with any health problem. You can also use the following websites to search for studies as they are often used as the major sources of information for health research and often report on the most current health problems affecting the United States and global populations:

• U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• World Health Organization

• What were the criteria that you used to select these papers? (For example, only English language, peer reviewed articles, only a specific age group, only United States studies, etc.)
• What were the types of risk factors studied in your chosen articles? (For example, environmental, socio-economic, behavioral, etc.)
• Which study design was used for this study? Why do you think the researchers chose this specific study design? Provide examples from your research.
• What are the proximate or underlying determinants of risk factors that are associated with any health problem for each study?

To support your work, use your course and textbook readings and also use the South University Online Library. As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format.

Submission Details:

• Your assignment should be addressed in an 8- to 10-page document.
• I prefer to talk about the kidney and breast cancer

Answer 1

Kidneys are the part of the urinary system, which removes waste and excess fluid and electrolytes from the blood. The organs also produce hormones that aid the production of RBCs and help to regulate blood pressure.

Kidney cancers are those starts in kidney. In 2019, the ACS expect doctors to diagnose about more than seventy three thousand new cases related to kidney cancer. They also predict that about fifteen thousand people will die of kidney cancer. It is also said that it is one of the ten most common cancers. It affect 1 in every 48 men and 1 in every 83 women over a lifetime. The average rate of diagnosis is 64 years, and the disease is rate before 45 years of age.

Symptoms of kidney cancer are:

Blood in urine

Anemia

A lump or mass in the side of lower back

A fever and night sweats

Fatigue high blood pressure

Vision changes

Changes in liver function

The possible treatments for kidney cancer are:-

Surgery: In most cases surgery is the first option. The surgeon may remove the part or all of the kidney, as well the tissues around the tumor.If required they may remove the lymph nodes and other tissues or the whole kidney and the body can function with just one kidney.

Non-surgical:

Embolization: The surgeon may insert the catheter and passes a synthetic material through it into the blood vessel.

Cyroablation: The surgeon may inserts one or more special needles called cyroprobes through small incision into the tumor.

Chemotherapy: It is the use of powerful drugs to kill the cancerous cell, stopping or delaying the process of cancer.

Immunotherapy: It boost the ability of the body to fight with the cancers.

Targated therapy: The drugs target the specific function to stop the development of the cancerous cells.

Stages:

Localised: In this stage cancer is present only in the kidney. It yet not spreaded.

Regional: It spread among nearby cells and tissues.

Distant: It spread throughout the body even in the distant organ.

Risk factors-

High blood pressure

Intake of toxic chemicals

Dialysis

Genetic and heriditary factor

Tests - It includes biopsy, blood and urine tests, image screen, etc.

Breast cancer:

It is the cancer that form inside the breast. After skin cancer breast cancer is the most common in the United States. It can occur both in men and women but mostly found in women. According to the reports the number of survival rates is increases and the death rates due to breast cancer is steadily declining due to the factors like earlier detection.

Types: Agniosarcoma

   Ductal carcinoma in situ

Male breast cancer

Recurrent breast cancer

Lobular carcinoma in situ

Invasive lobular carcinoma

Symptoms:- A breast lump or thickening that feel different from the tissue.

Change in shape, size and appearance of a breast.

A newly inverted nipple

Redness or pitting of the skin over breast.

Breast cancer most often begin with cells in the milk producing ducts. It may also begin in glandular tissue called lobules or other cells or tissues with the breast.

Risk factors-

A family history of breast cancer

Radiation exposure

Having never being pregnant

Post menopausal hormone therapy

Obesity

Prevention- Periodic breast screening test

Avoid drinking alcohol

Exercise