Question

Toxins produced by fungi such as amatoxins may cause liver failure in humans, why would such strong substances evolve.
A) to deter consumption B) facilitate symbiotic relationships C) causes you to see witches
D) cause chytridiomycosis E) none of the above are above

Answer 1

Answer is E None of the above .

Amatoxins and the related phallotoxins are bicyclic peptides that possess a distinctive Trp–Cys crossbridge (having the name tryptathionine) and several hydroxylated amino acids.Their biosynthesis is facilitated by the biosynthetic programming of the nonribosomal peptide synthetases, the deployment of non-proteinogenic amino acid precursors, and the synthesis of straight-chain, macrocyclic or branched macrocyclic structures with amide, ester or even thioester or imino ring closures.

In the nonribosomal depsipeptides, at least one bond of the peptide backbone is substituted by an ester bond. These link carboxy groups of amino acids with a 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid, or furnish another routing of the chain through side chain hydroxy groups of amino acids and the C terminal region of the peptide.

Different from depsipeptides, the synthesis of amatoxins and phallotoxins takes place on ribosomes.