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In 2005, a spike is driven into the trunk of this tree 2 meters above ground...

In 2005, a spike is driven into the trunk of this tree 2 meters above ground level. It is driven 10 cm through the bark and the wood, and 20 cm of the spike is protruding outward from the bark. Why will the spike be 2 m above the ground in 2050?

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The spike will be 2 m above the ground in 2050, same distance as in 2005 because tree trunk does not grow taller, it gets wider. Trees grow taller when new cells are produced at the tips of the twigs, resulting the twigs to grow taller. Tree branches and trunks grow thicker when the new cells are added beneath the bark. When the trunk grows wider, it is responsible to produce rings - that is one for each year of growth.

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