Question

Bioinfomatics:

1. Describe the difference between a cladogram, an additive tree, and an ultrametric tree. Which one of the three can be used as a molecular clock?

2. What is the difference between an ortholog, paralog, analog and a xenolog?

3. If no quantitative advantage is to be had by a gene’s duplication within a genome, what is the usual fate of one of the paralogs?

Answer 1

1. The cladogram represents relative recency of common ancestry; the additive tree depicts the amount of evolutionary change that has occurred along the different branches also these contain additional information, namely branch lengths., and the ultrametric tree depicts times of divergence. history.

2. homolog is a gene inherited in two species by a common ancestor. While homologous genes can be similar in sequence, similar sequences are not necessarily homologous.

Orthologous are homologous genes where a gene diverges after a speciation event, but the gene and its main function are conserved.

If a gene is duplicated in a species, the resulting duplicated genes are paralogs of each other, even though over time they might become different in sequence composition and function.

xenolog is a type of ortholog where the homologous sequences are found in different species because of horizontal gene transfer.

3. Over time paralogs change and confer adaptations if they don't offer any advantage at present.