Question

6. Define the following:

a) sampling error

b) standardizing variables

c) replication of findings

d) paradigm and paradigm shift

e) peer review

f) anecdotal evidence (testimonials)

g) pseudoscience

h) fallacy

Answer 1

a)Sampling error: Errors caused by the act of taking sample.They cause sample results different from the results of census results.The results are inaccurate.

b) Standardizing variables: If we can associate with any variable x anew variable z, called the standard version of x or the standard variable.

c) Replication of findings:Replication is a term describing to the repetition of a experimental case , normally with different situations and different subjects, to conclude if the basic findings of the original case can be applicable to other cases and circumstances.

d) Paradigm and Paradigm shift: Paradigm is a complete set of related words -forms associated with a given lexeme. Paradigm shift:Fundamental change in an individuals or a society view of how things work in the world.

e) Peer review:Peer review​​​​​​​ is an arrangement where by students makes evaluative  judgement about the works of peers and provide a written feedback commentary. In peer review students send as well as receive feed back.

f) Anecdotal evidence (testimonials):Anecdotal evidence includes an anecdote or a descriptive story about an event or experience.This type of evidence is also known as testimonial.

g) Pseudoscience​​​​​​​:A set of practices or beliefs about phenomena that are presented as they are scientific but they are not based on scientific research.

h)Fallacy:A fallacy is based on the assumption that a statement must be true if it cannot be proved false.