Cycloalkanes - Hydrocarbon compounds arranged in circles. Construct a model of cyclopropane: What is the bond...
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Cycloalkanes - Hydrocarbon compounds arranged in circles. |
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Construct a model of cyclopropane: |
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What is the bond angle between the 3 carbon atoms? (Think triangles and look at your model). |
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What does VSPER predict the bond angle to be about a tetrahedral carbon atom? |
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Do you think the electron pairs in cyclopropane are forced, or relaxed? Why or why not, please explain. |
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Is cyclopropane more stable or less stable than propane? Explain. |
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Construct a model of cyclobutane: |
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What is the bond angle between carbons in your model of this molecule? |
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Which would you predict to have bonds that are more strained, cyclopropane or cyclobutane? Explain your choice. |
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Construct a model for cyclohexane, REALLY build it, it WILL make a difference! |
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What is the approximate bond angle between carbon atoms in your model? |
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Would you expect cyclohexane to have C – C bonds that are more or less strained than those in cyclopropane? Explain your choice using complete sentences. |
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Replace a hydrogen atom with a methyl group on cyclohexane. What is the name and molecular formula of this compound? |
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Replace another H atom on the ring with another methyl group. How many different structural isomers can be obtained by replacing two H atoms of cyclohexane with methyl groups? Draw them on your scratch sheet. List the names here. |
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Would these compounds be polar or nonpolar covalent? |
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Would these molecules be soluble in water? Explain with complete sentences using the solubility concepts learned in this course. |
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List the intermolecular forces between molecules of 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane. |
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Predict whether 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane would have a higher or a lower vapor pressure than water. Explain. You are making a prediction here – you don’t have to look up any values. If you want to look up the values and explain why they are the way they are, that is fine, too, but be sure to explain what you are doing. And make sure your answer is complete by discussing all the important factors involved. Many students forget that size matters when answering this question. |
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Cycloalkanes - Hydrocarbon compounds arranged in
circles.
Construct a model of cyclopropane:
What is the bond...
20. Make a model of trans-1, 4-dimethylcyclohexane and cis-1, 4-dimethylcyclohexane. Draw their chair conformations below including...
20. Make a model of trans-1, 4-dimethylcyclohexane and cis-1, 4-dimethylcyclohexane. Draw their chair conformations below including the chair flip for each. Repeat questions 15-16 on this model Part III. Learning to Draw Molecules on a Computer Start the ACD ChemSketch programs and spend 15 minutes familiarizing yourself with their drawing capabilities. Practice using ChemSketch 2.0 to convert two dimensional structures to three dimensional structures and rotating and viewing three dimensional structures. 1. Based on the shape of the molecule, what...
5. Construct a model of 1,2-difluoroethane. Draw the Newman projections for the staggered and eclipsed conformations...
5. Construct a model of 1,2-difluoroethane. Draw the Newman projections for the staggered and eclipsed conformations of 1,2-difluoroethane. Are these molecules isomers or conformers? If they are isomers to what specific category do they belong? 6. The structure of cyclohexane (C6H12) is based on a six membered ring of carbon atoms. Construct a model of cyclohexane. Cyclohexane can exist in two conformations; the boat or chair conformation (shown below). What are the C-C-C, C-C-H, and H-C-H bond angles at each...
Laboratory Work 1. Draw the skeletal formulas and make models of the three constitutional isomers of...
Laboratory Work 1. Draw the skeletal formulas and make models of the three constitutional isomers of C5H12. 2. Draw Kekule structures and make models of all the constitutional isomers of C2H4Cl2. 3. Draw Kekule formulas and make models of ethane, ethene, and ethyne. How does the geometry of their structures differ? Which compound contains sp hybridized carbons? 4. Draw and label the Newman projection and make the model of the anti-conformation of 1,2-dibromoethane. Rotate around the carbon-carbon bond...
ich has the highest energy? 7. a) Depending upon the kind of models you are using,...
ich has the highest energy? 7. a) Depending upon the kind of models you are using, you may or may not be able to construct models of cyclopropane and cyclobutane. Do so, if possible, but do not break the linkages. Why do we say that these molecules are strained? What is the normal sp3 bond angle? What are the (internal) C-C-C bond angles in cyclopropane? b) Make a model of cyclopentane. Does this molecule seem to have any ring strain...
Remove one hydrogen atom from C_1 the hexane model, and one H atom plus its bond...
Remove one hydrogen atom from C_1 the hexane model, and one H atom plus its bond from C_6. Bend the carbon chain around and join C_1 to C_6 to make cyclohexane. Mentally designate one carbon as C_1. Place the model in the chair conformation by tipping C_1 up and C_4 down. Check the conformation with the instructor. Identify the axial and equatorial hydrogens and describe their orientation relative to the plane of the ring. Look down each successive C-C bond...
4. Build a model of the 1,2-ethanediol molecule. a. Identify the electron-pair and molecular geometry around...
4. Build a model of the 1,2-ethanediol molecule. a. Identify the electron-pair and molecular geometry around each carbon and oxygen atom. b. What are the bond angles for H-C-H? For H-C-C? For C-C-O? For C-O-H? c. Draw two different structures of the molecule in which the –OH groups on the two carbon atoms have different orientations with respect to each other. Which structure is more stable? Explain your reasoning (Hint: What factors contribute to the stability of a structure?). Can...
3. Cyclic compounds The presence of the ring in all but very large ring cyclic molecules...
3. Cyclic compounds The presence of the ring in all but very large ring cyclic molecules prevents full rotation of the ring atoms. For this reason, stereoisomerism may also occur in cyclic molecules. a) Prepare a model of cyclohexane, C6H12. Draw the condensed formula. b) Build a model of methylcyclohexane (C7H14) by replacing one of the hydrogens of cyclohexane with a methyl group. Draw the skeletal formula for methylcyclohexane. 2 c) How many different isomers exist for methylcyclohexane (CyH34)? d)...
Date Laboratory Exercises Using a molecular modeling kit, construct models of each of the compounds in...
Date Laboratory Exercises Using a molecular modeling kit, construct models of each of the compounds in the tables below. Complete the following three tables by first drawing a simple sketch of the molecule showing which atoms are attached to each other, the number of bonds between each pair of atoms, and any nonbonding electrons. Then, draw the molecule again showing the actual shape and the angles between the atoms as accurately as you can. The first one has been completed...
Using the terms bonding, energy and stability, explain occurring compounds, but only 90 naturally occurring elements....
Using the terms bonding, energy and stability, explain occurring compounds, but only 90 naturally occurring elements. why there are millions of naturally Who Gives a Darn? I Do! In completing this activity, you have explored why hydrogen atoms combine to form diatomic hydrogen, and why helium atoms do not combine to form diatomic helium. In the Star Trek universe, star ships are propelled with dilithium crystals. Dilithium is possible to prepare, however, it is only known to exist in the...
1. Draw these straightforward Lewis structures for these compounds and ions. CO2 HCCH H20 NO2 NH3...
1. Draw these straightforward Lewis structures for these compounds and ions. CO2 HCCH H20 NO2 NH3 NO3 NH4+ PCI: H2CO CC14 The shape of molecules is determined primarily by the number of groupings ("electron domains") around the central atom. For the structures above there, are: Two electron domains around the central atom in CO2, HCCH Three electron domains around the central atom in H2CO, NO3-, NO2 Four electron domains around the central atom in NH3, NH4+, H20, PC13, CC14 2....
20. Make a model of trans-1, 4-dimethylcyclohexane and cis-1, 4-dimethylcyclohexane. Draw their chair conformations below including the chair flip for each. Repeat questions 15-16 on this model Part III. Learning to Draw Molecules on a Computer Start the ACD ChemSketch programs and spend 15 minutes familiarizing yourself with their drawing capabilities. Practice using ChemSketch 2.0 to convert two dimensional structures to three dimensional structures and rotating and viewing three dimensional structures. 1. Based on the shape of the molecule, what...
5. Construct a model of 1,2-difluoroethane. Draw the Newman projections for the staggered and eclipsed conformations of 1,2-difluoroethane. Are these molecules isomers or conformers? If they are isomers to what specific category do they belong? 6. The structure of cyclohexane (C6H12) is based on a six membered ring of carbon atoms. Construct a model of cyclohexane. Cyclohexane can exist in two conformations; the boat or chair conformation (shown below). What are the C-C-C, C-C-H, and H-C-H bond angles at each...
ich has the highest energy? 7. a) Depending upon the kind of models you are using, you may or may not be able to construct models of cyclopropane and cyclobutane. Do so, if possible, but do not break the linkages. Why do we say that these molecules are strained? What is the normal sp3 bond angle? What are the (internal) C-C-C bond angles in cyclopropane? b) Make a model of cyclopentane. Does this molecule seem to have any ring strain...
Remove one hydrogen atom from C_1 the hexane model, and one H atom plus its bond from C_6. Bend the carbon chain around and join C_1 to C_6 to make cyclohexane. Mentally designate one carbon as C_1. Place the model in the chair conformation by tipping C_1 up and C_4 down. Check the conformation with the instructor. Identify the axial and equatorial hydrogens and describe their orientation relative to the plane of the ring. Look down each successive C-C bond...
3. Cyclic compounds The presence of the ring in all but very large ring cyclic molecules prevents full rotation of the ring atoms. For this reason, stereoisomerism may also occur in cyclic molecules. a) Prepare a model of cyclohexane, C6H12. Draw the condensed formula. b) Build a model of methylcyclohexane (C7H14) by replacing one of the hydrogens of cyclohexane with a methyl group. Draw the skeletal formula for methylcyclohexane. 2 c) How many different isomers exist for methylcyclohexane (CyH34)? d)...
Date Laboratory Exercises Using a molecular modeling kit, construct models of each of the compounds in the tables below. Complete the following three tables by first drawing a simple sketch of the molecule showing which atoms are attached to each other, the number of bonds between each pair of atoms, and any nonbonding electrons. Then, draw the molecule again showing the actual shape and the angles between the atoms as accurately as you can. The first one has been completed...
Using the terms bonding, energy and stability, explain occurring compounds, but only 90 naturally occurring elements. why there are millions of naturally Who Gives a Darn? I Do! In completing this activity, you have explored why hydrogen atoms combine to form diatomic hydrogen, and why helium atoms do not combine to form diatomic helium. In the Star Trek universe, star ships are propelled with dilithium crystals. Dilithium is possible to prepare, however, it is only known to exist in the...
1. Draw these straightforward Lewis structures for these compounds and ions. CO2 HCCH H20 NO2 NH3 NO3 NH4+ PCI: H2CO CC14 The shape of molecules is determined primarily by the number of groupings ("electron domains") around the central atom. For the structures above there, are: Two electron domains around the central atom in CO2, HCCH Three electron domains around the central atom in H2CO, NO3-, NO2 Four electron domains around the central atom in NH3, NH4+, H20, PC13, CC14 2....
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