Question

please type at leat 300 words

Instructions

1. In your first paragraph, answer the following questions.
   • What is an organelle?
   • What is the advantage of having organelles?
   • Which organelles/structures do plant and animal cell contain? Are there any organelles/structures that are only in one or the other?
2. For your second paragraph, you will be assigned a cellular organelle (My assigned cellular organelle is Rough ER). Answer the following questions for your assigned organelle or cellular structure.
   • What is the main function of your organelle?
   • What types of cells in a human body contain large amounts of your organelle?
   • If your organelle was damaged, what cellular process would be disrupted? What might happen to the cell?
   • Come up with an analogy for your organelle to relate its function to something in real life. Explain the reasoning behind your analogy. For example, DNA might be considered a recipe book, since it contains the instructions to make everything.

Answer 1

An organelle is a specialized sub unit with in the cell that has a specific function.The word organelle means “little organ. Much like an organ serves a specific function in an organism, such as an eye helps to see or a stamen helps a flower reproduce, organelles each have specific functions within cells

Organelles are either separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers (also called membrane-bound organelles) or are spatially distinct functional units without a surrounding lipid bilayer (non-membrane bound organelles).

The advantage to the cell is that it is more efficient to have membrane-bound organelles specializing in certain functions, than in spreading the cell's necessary functions randomly throughout the cell.One of the problems that cells face is having sufficient concentration of substrates for specific chemical reactions to occur. Having different reactions occurring in different organelles might benefit cells by creating locally high concentrations of specific substrates, along with needed enzymes and local conditions such as pH.

Following organelles are present in animals and plants nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisome, mitochondria, plastid, microbodies and vacoules. of this lysosome is found only in animals and plastids, vacoules present only in plants.

Endoplasmic reticulum

There are two types of ER , RER and SER. function of SER

The main function of SER include synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions

The RER bears ribosomes on its surface and its main function is protein synthesis and secretion

Cells that are specialized in protein synthesis and secretion contain rough endoplasmic reticulum, for example cells of the pancreas that produce the protein insulin, have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum

Large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum are found in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism, for example Liver cells have an impressive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Similarly, cells of the ovaries and testes, which produce the lipid-containing hormones estrogen and testosterone, contain large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

If the ER is damaged then protein synthesis and secretion, lipid synthesis will not occur.

if ER is damaged cell poses the risk of proteotoxicity. intracellular Ca ion alterations

ER can be considered as massive shipping facility that folds   packages, and exports proteins to destinations inside and outside of the cell. Hence it can be an analogy for endoplasmic reticulum