Question

1. During Aerobic exercise there are increases in intracellular Ca2+, increased AMP/ATP ratio, as well as oxidative stress (free radicals). Connect the primary signals (below, far left) with the proper secondary signals, and connect the secondary signals to the appropriate responses.

↑AMP/ATP

↑[Ca²⁺]

↑ROS/free radicals

AMPK

CaMK

Calcineurin

P38

NFκB

PGC1α

↑mitochondria

Fiber type transition

↑antioxidants

Answer 1

                                                      

                                                         

During aerobic exercise , there is an increase in intracellular calcium level , the primary signals are- oxidants and fibre transitions with release of ROS and increase in the level of AMP /ATP. These signals triggers the activity of secondary signals such as calcium, AMPK ,P38. Together Ca2+, AMPK , P38 targets PGC1alpha. Increase in PGC1alpha targets NFKbeta ,further this targets Mitochondria and this whole process is known as Mitochondrial biogenesis.