Question

*** Please write a half-page Summary on this following article about Brexit. Thank you.

Shared from the 12/14/2019 Houston Chronicle eEdition

Brexit’s advance is latest blow to postwar trade order LONDON — For more than seven decades, the global powers that be operated on the assumption that greater economic integration amounts to historical progress. But that era is over, as Britain’s voters have now made clear. The decisive majority secured by Prime Minister Boris Johnson and his Conservative Party all but ensures that the country will proceed with its abandonment of the European Union. Another complex phase of the tangled divorce proceedings lies ahead —negotiations over the terms of Britain’s future economic relationship with the continent. But in one form or another, “getting Brexit done,” the mantra that Johnson promised and can now deliver, marks a profound change in the world trading system. In the aftermath of World War II, the victorious Allies forged an international order built on the understanding that when countries swap goods they become less inclined to trade artillery volleys. Britain’s departure from Europe is the clearest manifestation that this principle no longer holds decisive sway. Yet it is far from the only sign that the world trading system is devolving into a state in which national interests have primacy over collective concerns. The United States and China are locked in a trade war that is heightening concerns about a global economic slowdown. Tensions appeared to ease Thursday, as the United States was reported to have settled on the outlines of a deal that could significantly reduce tariffs on $360 billion in Chinese goods in exchange for China’s promise to buy goods from American farmers. The deal was expected to halt U.S. tariffs scheduled to hit another $160 billion worth of Chinese imports this weekend. But even if such a deal takes hold, the U.S. and China have descended into such an adversarial state that they are likely to continue seeking alternatives to exchanging goods and investment. Companies that make goods in China will face pressure to explore other countries, posing disruption to the global supply chain. The traditional arbiter of international trade disputes, the World Trade Organization, is listing toward irrelevance as countries bypass its channels to impose tariffs. “The sense that policy moves in one direction, toward more liberalization and more integration, has been replaced by recognition that policy can go backward as well as forwards,” said Brad Setser, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York. The fraying of international trading arrangements has been driven by intensifying public anger in many countries over widening economic inequality and the perception that trade has been bountiful for the executive class while leaving ordinary people behind. In Britain, struggling communities used the June 2016 referendum that unleashed Brexit as a protest vote against the bankers in London who had engineered a catastrophic financial crisis, and then forced regular people to absorb the costs through wrenching fiscal austerity. In the U.S., President Donald Trump’s political base has rallied to his trade war, inclined to view it as a necessary corrective to the destruction of the industrial economy by Chinese factories. From Italy to France to Germany, furious popular movements have fixed on trade as a threat to workers’ livelihoods, while embracing nationalist and nativist responses that promise to halt globalization. “The era of freewheeling markets and liberalism is ending,” said Meredith Crowley, an international trade expert at the University of Cambridge in England. “People are dissatisfied with the complexity of policy and this feeling that those who have the levers of policy are somehow out of their reach.” Britain sends nearly half of its exports to the EU, a flow of goods potentially imperiled by Brexit. Its departure from the European single market — which allows trade to be conducted seamlessly from Greece to Ireland, as if the territory were one vast country — risks undermining Britain’s appeal as a headquarters for multinational companies. Since Britain shocked the world with its vote to abandon the EU, its political institutions have tangled themselves in knots trying to decide what to do with their nebulous mandate to leave. Businesses have deferred hiring and investments, awaiting clarity on future trading terms. The uncertainty has already exacted significant costs, and far beyond Europe, according to a new paper by Tarek Hassan, an economist at Boston University, and three European accounting experts, Stephan Hollander, Laurence van Lent and Ahmed Tahoun. Every year since the referendum, the average company in Ireland — which trades heavily with Britain — has seen its growth in investment reduced by 15 percent ,and hiring is 4.2 percent less than it otherwise would have been because of uncertainty, the paper concludes. Yet even across the Atlantic, the average American company has seen investment growth limited by 0.5 percent a year and hiring slowed by 1.7 percent. “There is already a significant drop in employment as a result of the risks of Brexit,” Hassan said. Though Thursday’s election provided clarity on Brexit, substantial variables remain. Assuming Johnson’s Brexit plan now sails through Parliament, Britain must negotiate trade terms with Europe before the end of a transition period running through the end of next year — a monumental task. Johnson has ruled out extending that deadline, renewing the prospect that Britain could again flirt with crashing out ofthe European bloc without adeal. That threat could force businesses to again stockpile goods and implement complicated contingency plans. Some analysts suggested that the election enhanced the possibility that Johnson would pursue a softer form of Brexit that keeps Britain closer to the European market. His majority is so comfortable that he need not worry about alienating the hard-liners in his party who favor a clean break with Europe. But some alteration is clearly ahead. If Brexit uncertainty has been damaging, what replaces it is the near-certainty of weaker economic growth and diminished living standards. Britain’s political mandate to “take back control” carries costs. “It’s going to have massive implications,” Hassan said.

Answer 1

The talks over Britain's potential trade ties with the continent would be another difficult move in the convoluted divorce process. Yet in a sense, Brexit's happening represents a fundamental shift to the international trading framework, the slogan that Johnson vowed and will finally offer. The triumphant Allies created an international structure in the wake of World War II that they recognized that as nations exchange goods they became less willing to offer volleys of ammunition. The withdrawal of Britain from Europe is the most obvious example of the no longer definitive value of this idea. Nevertheless, it is far from the only indication that the international trading framework has become a environment where national interests take priority over common interests. The USA and China are engaged in a trade dispute that poses questions regarding the slowing of the world economy. Tensions appeared to ease Thursday because, in return for China's pledge to purchase commodities from US farmern's, the United States allegedly agreed on a contract model that could dramatically reduce ticket prices on $360 billion in chinese products. Targeting an estimated $160 billion worth of Chinese goods this weekend was supposed to suspend American tariffs. Britain sends about half of its shipments to the EU, which may threaten a surge of products from Brexit. The withdrawal from the European single market–that makes smooth exchanging between Greece and Ireland, as though the region was one large country–risks weakening the attractiveness of the UK as a headquarters for multinationals. In its decision to leave the EU, Britain has stunned the globe and the democratic structures grabbed twists and struggled to agree about what to do about the nebulous task by joining. Industries also delayed recruiting and acquisitions, hoping for clarification on potential conditions of exchange. When Johnson Brexit's proposal now goes through this Council, Britain wants, by the conclusion of a negotiating era starting next year, to sign trade deals with Europe, a daunting challenge. Johnson has revived his possibility of the Uk dropping out of the European union without a sponsor, and has rejected the extension of this deadline. This might push corporations to store inventory again and enact complex contingency measures. Several commentators also indicated that the results also provided Johnson a greater chance at adopting a softer form at Brexit, which brings Britain closer to Europe.