Question

Describe the following questions:

1. Describe and explain the role and function of network connectivity in current computing.

2. Describe and explain the principles of communication in networks.

3. Describe the role and functionality of hardware and software entities that contribute to network communications.

4. Describe and explain the protocols and interactions that implement network communications.

5. Describe fundamental aspects of cloud computing.

6. Apply networking architecture knowledge to analyse the networking needs for business.

Answer 1

1.

When you sit down to get something done on your computer, you may not realize it but you're relying on more than your Internet browser to get information, go shopping or send emails.

You're also relying on having an IP address that recognizes your computer, as well as a reliable network that you're connected to—and that can connect with everyone else. And that's what makes the "connectivity" possible.

Networks are more than computers and wiring. There also have to be specific devices—specialized pieces of hardware—that handle electrical/digital connections and perform their unique roles efficiently.

Following principles of communication make it more effective:

1. Principle of Clarity:

The idea or message to be communicated should be clearly spelt out. It should be worded in such a way that the receiver understands the same thing which the sender wants to convey. There should be no ambiguity in the message. It should be kept in mind that the words do not speak themselves but the speaker gives them the meaning. A clear message will evoke the same response from the other party. It is also essential that the receiver is conversant with the language, inherent assumptions, and the mechanics of communication.

2. Principle of Attention:

In order to make communication effective, the receiver’s attention should be drawn towards message. People are different in behaviour, attention, emotions etc. so they may respond differently to the message. Subordinates should act similarly as per the contents of the message. The acts of a superior also draw the attention of subordinates and they may follow what they observe. For example, if a superior is very punctual in coming to the office then subordinates will also develop such habits. It is said that ‘actions speak louder than words.

3. Principle of Feedback:

The principle of feedback is very important to make the communication effective. There should be a feedback information from the recipient to know whether he has understood the message in the same sense in which the sender has meant it.

4. Principle of Informality:

Formal communication is generally used for transmitting messages and other information. Sometimes formal communication may not achieve the desired results, informal communication may prove effective in such situations. Management should use informal communication for assessing the reaction of employees towards various policies. Senior management may informally convey certain decisions to the employees for getting their feedback. So this principle states that informal communication is as important as formal communication.

5. Principle of Consistency:

This principle states that communication should always be consistent with the policies, plans, programmes and objectives of the organization and not in conflict with them. If the messages and communications are in conflict with the policies and programmes then there will be confusion in the minds of subordinates and they may not implement them properly. Such a situation will be detrimental to the interests of the organization.

6. Principle of Timeliness:

This principle states that communication should be done at proper time so that it helps in implementing plans. Any delay in communication may not serve any purpose rather decisions become of historical importance only.

7. Principle of Adequacy:

The information communicated should be adequate and complete in all respects. Inadequate information may delay action and create confusion. Inadequate information also affects efficiency of the receiver. So adequate information is essential for taking proper decisions and making action plans.

3.

• A network is made up of hardware, which can be categorised as either:
  • transmission media
  • devices.
• Hardware devices make forwarding decisions to send data between user devices across interconnecting pathways created using copper, optical or wireless transmission media.

4.

Internet Protocols (TCP/IP)

The Internet Protocol suite is unique in that it is made up of non-proprietary protocols. This means that they do not belong to any one company and that the technology is available for anyone to use them. The above diagram only roughly maps the comparison of the two models. As you may notice, the Internet model does not cover the two layers of the OSI model. This means that TCP/IP is hardware independent. Since TCP/IP does not include lower level protocols, we'll start with the middle level protocols.

Internet Middle-Layer Protocols

OSI model's network and transport layers are concerned with transporting packets across the internetwork. TCP/IP and other Internet protocols use three types of addresses for network addressing:

• Hardware or physical addresses used the data link and physical layers
• IP addresses the provide logical node IDs. IP addresses are unique addresses assigned by an administrator according to certain guidelines. They are expressed in four-part dotted-decimal notation--i.e. 123.144.131.12
• Logical node names, which an administrator can assign, such as SELU.EDU

IP (Internet Protocol) - works at the network layer. It handles addressing, packet-switching, route selection and error control for communication.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - the Internet protocol's main transport layer protocol. It also provides addressing services at the network layer.

DNS (Domain Name System) - a distributed database system that works at the transport layer to provide name-to-address mapping for client applications. DNS servers maintain databases that consist of hierarchical name structures of the various domains in order to use logical names for device identification.

Internet Upper-Layer Protocols

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - used for file transfer between internetwork nodes. It also allows users to initiate processes on a remote host. It funtions at the top three layers of the OSI model: at the session layer, FTP provides session adminisrtation; at the presentation layer, FTP is concerned with translation using machine independent file translation; and at the application layer, FTP supplies network services such as file services. FTP is a peer-to-peer protocol.

Telnet - used for remote terminal emulation. It enables users to access host-based applications by emulating one of the host's terminals. Telnet provides connectivity between dissimilar operating systems. At the session layer, it provides dialog control; at the presentation layer, telnet provides translation using byte order and character codes; and at the application layer, telnet provides the services for remote operations.

SMPT (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - a protocol for routing email messages. It works at the application layer to provide message service.

5. 1. On-demand self-service

2. Broad network access

3. Multi-tenancy and resource pooling

4. Rapid elasticity and scalability

5. Measured service

6.

he right combination of technical skills, professional experience, IT certifications and a college degree in the field could be the ticket to a successful IT career, with a network architecture role as your ultimate goal.

One of the bright lights in IT jobs is that of the network architect. Why? Thousands of network architect positions are typically available each day in the United States. Just check some of the popular job sites, like SimplyHired or LinkedIn Jobs, to see the actual numbers and to get an idea of the types of organizations that are looking to hire.

Network architects are also among the highest paid employees and consultants in the tech industry. According to Glassdoor, the average base pay of network architects in the U.S. is $103,901, with the high end of the scale around $143,000. PayScale reports the median salary for network architects as $113,500. And that's just salary. Total compensation packages climb much higher.