Question

How is keratin related to carcinomas?

Explain how hedgehog signals can be used to turn on or off a transcriptional factor.

Answer 1

Carcinoma is a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of skin or lining of internal organs.Keratin is said to be a protein which is found in epithelial cells,which usually line the inside and outside surfaces of the body.Keratin helps in forming the tissues of hair,nails,and outer layer of skin.They are also found in lining of organs,glands and other parts of body.Keratins sometimes are found in higher than noramal amounts in patients with different types of epithelial cell cancers,including lung,breast,bladder,head and neck cancers.Measuring the amount of Keratin in blood help to plan cancer treatment.Thus we can say that Keratin is related to carcinomas,which is a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of skin or lining of internal organs.

Hedgehog pathway is involved in cell growth and differentiation to control organ formation during embryonic development.This signalling regulates embryonic development,ensures that tissues reach their correct size and location.In skin they are critical for regulating hair follicle.This type of signalling remains inactive in most adult tissues.Two different mechanisms drives pathway signalling.They are-independent signalling driven by mutations and dependent signalling driven by tumour cells.