Question

Explain the following questions fact, compare, examples, inference.

1.The structures of personality.

2.Stage of psychosexual Development

3.self -Actualization

4. Individualism/Collectivism

5.The big five factor model

6.Behaviorism

7.Sigmund Freud's Theory of psychosexual Development1

Answer 1

I shall be answering the first four questions of yours.

1. Sigmund Freud proposed that people behave in certain ways due to the interactions between three structures of personality: id, ego and superego. These three mechanisms work together to result in human behaviour.

The id works on pleasure principle. It seeks for immediate gratification of needs, desires and wants. If the need isn't gratified then tension and anxiety results. For instance, if hunger or thirst is felt the immediate action should be to eat or drink something.

The ego works on reality principle. It tries to meet the demands of id in socially appropriate ways. Sometimes the ego satisfies id's needs through delayed gratification, that is, at the right time and place.

The superego works on the moral principle. It seeks to morally shape our behaviour. It tries to suppress all the unacceptable demands of id and forces ego to act in idealistic ways rather than realistic ways.

2. Sigmund Freud believed that the psychological development of a child takes place in five psychosexual stages. These are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Each psychosexual stage is associated with a conflict that is important to solve to proceed to the next stage. Fixation in any stage may lead to problems related to that stage later in life.

a. Oral stage is from birth to 1 year of age. In this stage the only source of gratification where the libido is centered is the mouth. Thus we see infants indulging into sucking, biting, etc. Fixation in this stage could lead to oral problems like smoking, drinking, biting nails and sucking thumb.

b. Anal Stage is from 1-3 years. Here the center of attention is the anus. The child gets pleasure from defecation. There can be two types, that is, anal retentive and anal expulsive personality. Anal retentive personality is as a result of harsh or early potty training, who later become tidy, disciplined, organized and respect authority. However Anal expulsive personality is a result of liberal potty training. These later tend to become messy, rebellious and they believe in sharing things with others.

c. Phallic stage is from 3-6 years. Here the focus is on genitals. Children derive pleasure from them. In this stage Oedipus complex takes place in boys and Electra complex takes place in girls.

d. Latency stage is from 6 years to puberty. In this stage most sexual drives are suppressed. The sexual energy is sublimated into other activities and curiosity. They tend to build news skills and develop new abilities.

e. Genital stage is from puberty to adulthood. Here the focus is on sexual experimentation. Sexual pleasure is seeked from heterosexual relationships rather than own genitals.

3. Self Actualization is the last and final stage in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Self Actualization refers to the full recognition of one's actual potential. Self Actualization aims at making the best of an individual's abilities and resources. It shows that a person who is self actualized has a fully functioning personality. In order to reach to the need for self actualization, one must be able to fulfill the needs lower in the hierarchy which are, physiological needs, safely needs, love and belonging needs and the need for self esteem.

4. Individualism and Collectivism are two types of cultures. Individualism focuses on a person's rights and places emphasis on a person's goals. On the other hand Collectivism focuses on what is better for the group and the group interest. European and American countries are seen to exhibit individualistic culture and Asian and Arab countries exhibit Collectivistic culture.

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