Question

What is waterborne disease?

List out the pathogens associated with waterborne diseases. Select any pathogen that is associated with waterborne diseases and research online or at the library any waterborne disease case study associated with the pathogen selected. Prepare a word document discussing what you learned from the study of the outbreak selected

Answer 1

Waterborne diseases are conditions caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted in water. Disease can be spread while bathing, washing,drinking water, or by eating food exposed to contaminated water. While diarrhea and vomiting are the most commonly reported symptoms of waterborne illness, other symptoms can include skin, ear, respiratory, or eye problems.

Pathogens associated with Waterborne Disease:-

Protozoa:-
-Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytica)
-Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum)
-Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis)
-Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common intestinal parasite

Bacteria:-
-Clostridium botulinum
-Campylobacter jejuni-

Vibrio cholerae

-Certain strains of Escherichia coli(commonly E. coli)
-Salmonella typhi

Viruses:-
-Coronavirus
-Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
-Poliovirus
-Norovirus

Algae:-
-desmodesmusarmatus

Vibrio cholerae:-Case Study

Extremely rare

Fewer than 5 thousand cases per year (India)

Treatable by a medical professional

Spreads through contaminated food or water

Requires a medical diagnosis

Lab tests or imaging always required

Short-term: resolves within days to weeks

Critical: needs emergency care

HOW IT SPREADS

Through contaminated food or water.

Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium. The bacterium's natural habitat is brackish or saltwater. Some strains of V. choleraecause the disease cholera. V. cholerae is afacultative anaerobe and has a flagellum at one cell pole as well as pili. V. cholerae can undergo respiratory and fermentative metabolism. When ingested, V. cholerae can cause diarrhoea and vomiting in a host within several hours to 2–3 days of ingestion. V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Italian anatomist Filippo Paciniin 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently 30 years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease.

Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Vibrionales
Family:	Vibrionaceae
Genus:	Vibrio
Species:	V. cholerae
Binomial name
Vibrio cholerae

Characteristics:-

V. cholerae is Gram-negative and comma-shaped. Initial isolates are slightly curved, whereas they can appear as straight rods upon laboratory culturing. The bacterium has a flagellum at one cell pole as well as pili. V. cholerae is a facultative anaerobe, and can undergo respiratory and fermentative metabolism. It measures 0.3 micron in diametre and 1.3 micron in length with average swimming velocity of around 75.4 +/- 9.4 microns/sec.

Symptoms of cholera infection may include:

• Diarrhea. Cholera-related diarrhea comes on suddenly and may quickly cause dangerous fluid loss — as much as a quart (about 1 liter) an hour. Diarrhea due to cholera often has a pale, milky appearance that resembles water in which rice has been rinsed (rice-water stool).
• Nausea and vomiting. Occurring especially in the early stages of cholera, vomiting may persist for hours at a time.

• Dehydration. Dehydration can develop within hours after the onset of cholera symptoms. Depending on how many body fluids have been lost, dehydration can range from mild to severe. A loss of 10 percent or more of total body weight indicates severe dehydration.

  Signs and symptoms of cholera dehydration include irritability, lethargy, sunken eyes, a dry mouth, extreme thirst, dry and shriveled skin that's slow to bounce back when pinched into a fold, little or no urine output, low blood pressure, and an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia).