1. Genetic model systems have been fundamental to cancer discovery. Discuss how nonmammalian model systems have contributed to our understanding of cancer biology and ultimately lead to new cancer therapies
2. Only 3.5% of the DNA in the human genome encodes proteins. The remainder was often referred to as “junk” DNA. Provide evidence that non-coding regions of the genome are not junk. In particular discuss how dysregulation of the non-coding genome can result in cancer initiation and/or progression.
3. Post translational modifications (PTMs) are critical for regulating protein stability and/or activity. Provide examples of common PTMs, including an explanation of some posttranslational modifications critical for controlling the stability and/or activity of tumour suppressor and/or oncoproteins.
1) The study of neoplasm (abnormal division of genetically modified cells) in non-mammalian animals has revealed that many genes and Molecular Pathways involved in neoplastic diseases and metastasis are already present in mammals and humans. For example:- Similarities between disseminated neoplasia in mollusca and leukaemia (human cancer) has been found. So mollusks as a non-mammalian model can be used for better understanding of cancer in humans.
2) Non - coding DNA contains sequences that act as regulatory elements:-
a) Promotors:- It provides binding site for protein machinery.
b) Enhancers:- It provides binding site for proteins that activate transcription.
c) Silencers:- It provides binding site for proteins that supress transcription.
d) Insulators:- It provides binding site for proteins that control transcription.
Hence, non - coding regions of the genome are not junk as they play so many important roles.
As stated above, that non- coding genome act as post transcriptional regulators of gene expression which play an important role in gene regulation and biological processes and both refers to normal development and diseases. So any dysfunction of non - coding genome can result in Cancer initiation and/or progression.
1. Genetic model systems have been fundamental to cancer discovery. Discuss how nonmammalian model systems have...