Question

Maggie Symes, age 52, inherited Andie’s Tavern from her father 30 years ago (it has been in her family since 1870). Maggie manages the bar and grill alone, since her husband died 2 years ago. She also takes care of her 4-year-old twin granddaughters during the day while the tavern is closed. The twins have just gone back to pre-school after being home for a week with colds. Maggie has caught the cold and now has a fever with a productive cough.   She goes to a walk-in clinic on her way to pick up the girls from pre-school.

Use the following to discuss what's going on:
Anatomy and basic functions of respiratory system/organs
Spirometry terms – definitions, what might be different in hers considering her situation
Parts of respiration and how they work– pulmonary ventilation, external and internal respiration (gas exchange)
Diffusion – Ficks law of diffusion in relation to this case
Gas transport in blood
Oxygen saturation curve
Ventilation/perfusion coupling
Fever, inflammation– non-specific defenses
Specific defenses – B and T cells – function and how activated
Alpha and beta receptors – where located and what neurotransmitter associated with each

Answer 1

Answer : respiratory system is divided into two parts

Upper respiratory system

Lower respiratory system

Upper respiratory tract includes the nose ,pharynx ,adenoids ,tonsils ,epiglottis ,larynx and trachea .

Lower respiratory tract consists of bronchi ,bronchioles ,alveolar ducts and alveoli. With the exception of mainstem bronchi ,all lower tract parts are present in the lungs

The right lung is divided into three lobes ( upper ,middle ,lower ) .

The left lung is divided into two lobes ( upper and lower ) .

The structures of chest wall such as ribs ,pleura and muscles of respiration also helpful in respiration .

Functions :

Primary functions :

Respiratory system provides oxygen for metabolism in tissues .

It help in gas exchange .

It provides defence against pathogens .

It removes the Co2 and waste products from metabolism.

Secondary functions :

Facilitates sence of smell.

Maintain homeostasis and acid base balance.

Maintain heat balance and water balance.

SPIROMETRY : spirometry is common of the pulmonary function test . It measures the amount and speed of air inhaled and exhaled.

It is used to know the breathing pattern that identify the conditions such as COPD, cystic fibrosis ,asthma and pulmonary fibrosis.

PARTS OF RESPIRATION :

Ventilation : ventilation involves inspiration and expiration ( movement of air onto the lungs and out of lungs .

External gas exchange : it occurs when movement of air in the lungs and the blood .

Internal gas exchange : it occurs between the air from blood and tissues.

Diffusion : oxygen and carbondioxide moves back and forth across the alveolar capillary membrane by diffusion.

Diffusion always occurs from higher concentration to lower concentration that is oxygen moves from alveolar gas in to arterial blood and co2 from arterial blood into alveolar gas .

Diffusion continues up to equilibrium reached.

Oxygen saturation curve :

fever : incresed temperature more than 98.6 degree fh.

Inflammation : it is the process by which immune response to the injury or invasion of pathogens .

Immune system fight against the pathogen and protect our body from disease.