Question

please answer all numbered and lettered questions

Chapter 2 & 3 1. Atoms and structure of an atom. For an atom it is the smallest unit of matter, and 2. Valence electrons a. Be able to draw the Lewis dot structure for a given atom or ion 3. Atomic number and atomic mass to determine the number of proton, neutrons and electron a given ator ion, isotope. a. Example: Natl. atomic number 11, 11 p+, 11 n°, 10 e- b. Example: C15 : atomic number 6, 6 p+, 9 nº.6 e- c. Number of electrons in shells related to where atom is on the periodic table/column number 4. Gaining or losing of electrons leads to the formation leads to ionic bonds. 5. Covalent bonding (polar vs. non-polar) 6. Electronegativity (bending molecules with unequal electron sharing) and explain how it influences the formation of polar vs. non-polar covalent and hydrogen bonds. a. What are the most electronegative atoms? b. How are H bonds formed? c. How does the number of H bonds influence the state of water? 8. pH : what is the relationship between H+ and pH? 9. Isomers 10. Dehydration reaction (water released from molecules to make molecules targer) 11 Hydrolysis (water absorbed into molecules in order to make them smaller) 12. Denaturation and its impact on protein function (pH, temperature, and salt disrupt chemical interactions and cause denaturation!) MacBook 00 W 4

Answer 1

D from – Smallest induinible part of matter that can exist independently Atom has a nulems in which most of the man of atom in concentrate & nulem hold nuctal charged nuctions & 'tuely charged Protons. Around the neutem recolues ést y chayed). aga c atom s6=2,4 2) Valenie eleebenso Elections therent in the outermost shell of an element. It is the most loosely bound elections as it experiences lese force of attraction from the nuuten compared to other inner shells. - while drawing lein dot structure, ure only draw the valence es. Q : N4 :N; ; C ;c ; Atomie number (2) = no. of electrons (e) = no of protons (p) Mau necmber (A) = no.og nuetrom in) + p. (a) Nat +2=. Alornie no-q Na=11 ; 2 for Mat=10 1. e=: electrons of Na=11 , e for matl=10 (b) c, (L) S BLOCK - Atomic no =6 & no. of e-bano.d proton mau number (A) = 15 number of nuetrons (n)=A-P 1 =15-6 = 9 a ap 1 outermost shell = le- Tap-4 roup Upay. " = é 4p3 Lipu D Block - 4014 - aos - Qp6 4015 416 9p7 Tap 17 P Block Shim up is 9p 10 4p 11 12 مه

THE M 4) Ionie bond is formed by complete tranfer of electrons. Element donating é's (electropositiie element) bears a fuo chaye " accepting » Celeltonepatica ) lu Eg: Nace - Nat & i N ă Ţ Ionie bond I 5) lovalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons. Eg Chu ICS 0.42X<1:1 (when electronegativity difference - Polar covalent in blu 0.4 817) Covalent bond - \ Non polar lovalent (when electronegative difference b/w the atomi is less than 0.4) X.2004 • Electronegativity in the ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of election Eggno-4 bond, the bonded electrons lie towards o. O: H In cave of polars non polar covalent bonds + more the eleitmejativity more shifted will be the borded election towards it. al most electronegative atom t Fluorine (F) b) H bond is formed when charged part of a molecule form an atlaitie interaction with a substance of opposite chaye Est 0-4 bond e) It is became of Strong H bondi in mater, that the water molecules are able to stay condensed in liquid state.

3) pilafouti of Mycencim (130) lomas phier leg CHT} ] concentation of it or 1₂0 lone in solution. formulae but I SoMERS Substances with same chemical diffuent structural anangement. Eg - Butane & isobutane ni-2-¿-ch nç-çe Hoc- H-C-H 1 H - WP - C- C -H T- Cqhio C4H10 10) DEHYD AATION = Process in which M20 is releaud from a molecule. H -H. Haso, o e-c c hc=-+ H2O - Ethylene и би Sthand 11) HYDROLYSIS + Proceu claddition of watu moleule P - cycoon + Chon 013-c-o-cht H₂o 12) DENATURATION - Inuoluss the dispeption and possible destruction R instruture of molecule In care of proteins, denaturation alter the bonds strength and changes its ability change in concentration of it (change inpu), altering heat variation (Tempereetwe) and addition of forieen substances disnept the Streetrue of protein leading to donateration