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Help with C and D please
to reject the nüll Hypotliesns 160 30. In many animal species, individuals commu- nicate using ultraviolet (UV) signals, such a:s bright patches of skin or feathers, that are visibl to one another but invisible to humans. Secondi et al. (2012) investigated the role of UV colors as sexual signals in two closely related species of Lissotriton newt, by asking whether females find males of their own species more attractive
light is absent. Each trial consisted of confinin a male newt to one end of an aquarium and measuring how much time a female of the s species chose to spend near the male (rather than at the opposite end of the aquarium). Each male was tested both under natural light condi- tions (UV light present) and when UV light was absent (by using a UV filter). The box plots in the following figure (modified from Secondi et al. 2012) show the difference between the two treatments in the time females spent near the males. A positive spent more time near the male when UV light when UV radiation is present than when UV number indicates that a female was present, and a negative number indicates that she spent less time near the male when light was present.
2 300 E 200 100 ot -200 L. vulgaris L. helveticus the authors tested the null hypothesis that UV light treatment had no effect; that is, Ho: Mean change in time spent close to males- 0. Test results for species are as follows, along wi dence intervals for the mean chang the
L. vulgaris: 50.7, s 87.3, n23, L. helveticus: X 199.8, s 587.0. Using these results, indicate whether the follow P 0.011, 12.9 μ 88.4. n 25, P 0.102,-42.5 μ 442.1 ing statements are true or false. Explain your answers. a. The null hypothesis was rejected in the case of L. vulgaris but not in the case of L. helve- ticus at significance level 0.05.
b. UV light treatment affects the attractiveness of male L. vulgaris to females but has no effect on the attractiveness of male L. helve- ticus The weight of evidence against the null hypothesis was stronger in L. vulgaris than in L. helveticus. c. d. The magnitude of the effect of UV treatment was greater in L. vulgaris than in L. helveticus.
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レ axes : χ=50.ろ 5-643 n223 h helvetters a) The nl y po thess wos xesecle! in the ease ot Fncdued the value zexo. ) uv igh. It6Almenk alec LS the a.LTeL&enes obrnl L helwelfous has he p-value more theno.o-Reason: 1. helve,fues does noL texec L the null d) The maanfhole at the ethel of UV treetmen .vulgars than fn hel vel-fues A se eon L. vulgonts Aoes ot have ettect o

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