Question

Chapter 2: 1. Routes of administration p 14 2. Pharmacokinetics: ADME, p 14, body systems involved what affects ADME. 3. Half-life, p 15. 4. Ryes syndrome 5. Desired therapeutic range/therapeutic window, p 17. Chapter 3: 1. Placebo vs nocebo p 22. Age implications for drug administration, p 28. Why elderly are at higher risk for drug interactions? 2. Chapter 12 1. 2. Adrenergic agonists p 176 and blockers p. 180. Anticholinergic effects and side effects p 183. Chapter 19 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Pain reassessment, when? P 292. Opiate agonist side effects + know when to give/hold+ priority nursing diagnosis p 303. Opiate antagonist (naloxone) uses p 306 Salicylates actions p 309 What analgesics can be given with warfarin? P309 Common NSAIDS p 310 Acetaminophen actions, difference from NSAIDs p 308 Chapter 30 1. Use of spacer 468 2. Expectorants common drugs, uses, robitussin schedule 3. Antitussives use p 464. p 469. 4. Mucolytic use p 646.

Answer 1

Answer :

1) route of administration : a route of administration is the path by which drug ,fluid and poison or other substances is brought in to contact with the body .

Types :

• Oral route
• Intra muscular route
• Intra venous route
• Sub lingual route
• Sub cutaneus .
• Inhalational .
• Trans dermal
• Topical route .
• Rectal route etc.

2) pharmaco kinetics : pharmaco kinetics is branch of pharmacology that describes the processes of absorption ,distribution , metabolism and excretion of drug by the body .

Absorption : absorption is the process whereby a substance entering the body is assimilated by it.

Distribution : distribution is the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body .

Metabolism : metabolism is the process whereby a substance is irreversibly transformed into metabolites .

Excretion : excretion is the elimination of substances from the body .

3) half life : the elimination half life of a drug is a pharmacokinetic parameter that is defined as the time it takes For the concentration of the drug in the plasma or the total amount in the body to be reduced by 50%.

In other words ,after one half life the concentration of the drug in the body will be half of starting dose.

4) Reyes syndrome is a rare disorder that causes brain and liver damage .

Reyes syndrome usually occurs in children who have had a recent viral infection such as chicken pox or the flu .

Taking aspirin to treatment such infection greatly increases the risk of rate's.

5) therapeutic window is a range of does that produces therapeutic response without causing any significant adverse effect in patients .

Generally therapeutic window is a ratio between minimum effective concentration to the minimum toxic concentration .

Chapter 3 :

1) placebo : A placebo is an inert substance typically a tablet ,capsule or other does form that does not contain an active drug ingredient .

Nocebo : A nocebo effect is said to occur when negative expectations of the patient regarding a treatment to have a more negative effect than it .

A beneficial response to an inert substance is a placebo response and side effect to an inert substance is a nocebo response .

2) advancing age is characterized by impairment in the function of the many regulatory processes that provide functional integration between cells and organs .

Pharmacokinetic changes include a reduction in renal and hepatic clearance .

Pharmacodynamics changes involves altered sensitivity to several drugs .