Question

According to chapter 3 page 84 figure 3.2, What are the three average techniques?

Answer 1

1.Simple Average Method,

2. Weighted Average Method.

1(C)(i) Simple Average Method:

      Under this method, simple average rate at cost is obtained by adding the rate of purchases represented by stock at the time of issue & then dividing the same by the number of such rates. The rate needs to be revised at the time of any new purchase or exhaustion of any existing stock. For the purpose of ascertaining the average rate, the quantity by which each purchase is made has to be ignored.

    To dampen the severity of the effect of rises & falls in the purchase price, use of any kind of average rate is made. Thus, in case of fluctuating rates of purchase, average cost is used. However, obviously, cost does not get properly represented by the average cost.

Advantages:

(a) It is simple to work out & apply.
(b) Issue price cannot be affected considerably by the fluctuations in prices of purchase.
(c) Average cost method is suitable for the condition when different lots of purchases get mixed up so that the identification is not possible.
(d) Where the quantity of each purchase is stable but the prices fluctuate, average cost method suits the condition.

Disadvantages:

(a) Profit or loss in material arises as total cost incurred usually does not become equal to the total charges.
(b) Frequent calculations of rates will be necessary in case of frequent purchases, thereby involving much clerical work. Average rate may have to be revised due to exhaustion of an existing stock even if no new purchase comes.
(c) Too much profit or loss on materials may be resulted from the method, when lots of purchases vary much in quantities.
(d) Due to fact that the identity of the materials disappeared in the store, the verification of closing stock figures becomes difficult.
(e) Absurd figures may be shown by the closing stock. The closing stock account may even show credit balance, in times of inflationary spiraling.

     The simple average method can work well where:

(a) in each lot, there is standard quantity of purchase
(b) there is very mild fluctuation in prices.

Example:

Illustration 1:

From the details prepare stores ledger under simple average method.
2010 Dec 1      Opening Balance         400 kg @ $ 1.25
                5      Received                     200 kg @ $ 1.30
                8      Issued                          480 kg
                10    Issued                          40 kg
                15    Received                     320 kg @ $ 1.35
                18    Issued                          200 kg
                20    Received                     400 kg @ $ 1.40
                25    Issued                          160 kg
                28    Issued                          240 kg

Shortage of 40 kg on 16.12.2010 & another shortage of 40 kg on 26.12.2010 is found by the stock verifier.
                       

Date Receipts Issues G.R. Qty Rate Amount S.R Qty Rate Amount N.Nd (unit) S S No (Unit) S Balance Remarks Qty Rate Amount (Unit) S S 2010 Dec 400 500 200 1.30 260 480 1.275 612 600 120 80 760 148 96 320 1.35 432 528 475 360 160 Shortage 400 1.40 560 560 210 770 550 494 158 400 360 120 40 1.4056 240 1.40 336 Shortage

Workings: Calculation of simple average price:-
For Issue on 8th Dec = (1.25+1.30)/2        = $ 1.275
For Issue on 10th Dec                                 = $ 1.30   
For Shortage on 16th Dec = (1.30+1.35)/2 = $ 1.325
For Issue on 18th Dec                                  = $ 1.325
For Issue on 25th Dec = (1.35+1.40)/2        = $ 1.375
For Shortage on 26th Dec                            = $ 1.40
For Issue on 28th Dec                                  = $ 1.40              

1(C)(ii) Weighted Average Method:

      The weighted average cost under this method is obtained by dividing the total value (at cost) of materials in stock at the time of issue by the total quantity of materials in stock. Only the rates are taken into consideration in case of simple average, on the other hand, the rates & corresponding quantities are considered in case of weighted average because by multiplying the quantity by the rate, the value at cost is obtained. Once a rate is worked out, it goes on being applied until a fresh purchase is made.

      If q, q1, q2, & q3 are the quantities in stocks on a day with p, p1, p2 & p3 as the corresponding purchases, the weighted average rate will be worked out as below:

Weighted average rate = pq + p1q1+p2q2+p3q3      
                                                q + q1 + q2 + q3

Advantages:

(a) The effect of price fluctuations on issue rates are smoothened effectively by the method.
(b) The rate continues in its application unless a new purchase arrives.
(c) Only if, in the calculation of the rates, mathematical approximation is made then profit or loss on materials arises.
(d) Simple & not too much clerical work is involved unless purchases are made frequently.
(e) Where both the price & quantity ordered fluctuate, this method suits the condition.

Disadvantages:

(a) The work of calculation of rates becomes considerable in case where a frequent purchase is made.
(b) The cost price (nor the market price) of the materials actually issued are not represented by the charges made to issues.
(c) Unless the rates are calculated correcting up to 4 or 5 places of decimal whenever necessary, profit or loss on materials may be created by the method.

Example:

Illustration 2: From the below mentioned details prepare a stores ledger account under weighted average method.
Date                           Particulars                   Units               Unit Cost ($)
2011 Feb         01        Purchases                    1200                           2.00    
                        04        Purchases                    600                           2.10
                        06        Issues                          1000                           -
                        10        Purchases                    1400                           2.20
                        15        Issues                          1600                           -
                        20        Purchases                    600                           2.50
                        23        Issues                          200                           -        
                       

Solution: Stores Ledger Card (Under Weighted Average Method) Date Receipts Issues | Balance Remarks G.R. Qty Rate Amount S.RI Qty Rate Amount Qty Rate Amount N.Nd (unit) S S No (Unit) $ $ Unit) $ $ 2011 Feb 1200 2.00 2400 1200 2.0000 2400.00 600 2.10 1260 1800 2.0333 3660.00 1000 2.0333 2033.33 800 2.0333 1626.67 1400 2.20 3080 2200 2.1394 4706.67 1600 2.1394 3423.04 600 2.1394 1283.64 600 2.501500 1200 2.3197 2783.64 200 2.3197 463.94 1000 2.3197 2319.70

Workings: Calculation of Weighted Average Price-

For Balance of 04th Feb = (2400+1260) / (1200+600)                       = $ 2.0333

For Balance of 10th Feb = [(2400-2033.33) + 1260+3080]                = $ 2.1394
                                          [(1200-1000) +600+1400]

For Balance of 20th = (2400+1260+3080+1500-2033.33-3423.04)   = $ 2.3197      
                                        (1200+600+1400+600-1000-1600)