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Please help to answer these questions 1. Hepatic Failure a. Pathophysiology/etiology/risk factors b. s/s c. nursing...

Please help to answer these questions

1. Hepatic Failure

a. Pathophysiology/etiology/risk factors

b. s/s

c. nursing and physician directed interventions

2. Renal Failure

a. Pathophysiology/etiology/risk factors

b. s/s

c. nursing and physician directed interventions

3. Pneumonia

a. Pathophysiology/etiology/risk factors

b. s/s

c. nursing and physician directed interventions

4. Seizures

a. Pathophysiology/etiology/risk factors

b. s/s

c. nursing and physician directed interventions

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Answer #1

1.Hepatic Failure

This is also called as liver failure .The function of the liver is hampered leading to various other problems in the body.

a. Etiology

  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Any infection of the liver (Hepatitis A,B,C)
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Cirrhosis of liver
  • Disorder of liver

Risk factors

  • Excessive alcohol use
  • Hereditary
  • Increased body weight
  • Medical conditions like diabetes
  • Blood borne infection affecting the liver
  • Excessive drug use

Pathophysiology

The etiological factors slowly affects the liver cells damaging the hepatocytes ,the damage to this affects the liver andcresulting in swelling ,this ceases the metabolic pathway.This increases the bilirubincausinh jaundice die to necrosis of cells. This can decrease the resistance in vascular system and leading to decreased blood and pressure and increased heart rate.It affects the hepatic vein leading to thrombosis which causes abdominal swelling. It affects the brain causing encephalopathy.Blood vomiting blood in stools occurs in the gastrointestinal tract

b. Signs and symptoms .

  • Sensory:Sclera turns yellow
  • Muscle:turns yellow ,urticaria
  • Urinary:dark yellowish urine
  • Gastrointestinal:anorexia, nausea, vomiting,stools are pale,abdominal pain
  • Generalized edema

c.Nursing and physician directed intervention

Nursing:

  • Monitor vital signs ,provide baseline to plan for care
  • Observe for a mb y adverse reactions
  • Avoid high fat diet,fruits and vegetables are preferable
  • Encourage to avoid alcohol
  • Administer medication as per order

Physician

  • Analgesics to relieve pain
  • Antiemetics to relieve nausea and vomiting
  • Monitor for blood levels and interventions accordingly
  • Surgical removal of liver

2.Renal failure

The loss of kidney function is called as renal or kidney failure.

a.Pathophysiology

There is decreased blood supply to the renal system, this decrease the function of glomerular filtration, as a result certain electrolytes are retained and elevated leading to decrease in urine output, edema or anasarca,weight gain, loss of function of the nephrons and permanent damage resulting in renal failure and associated symptoms

Etiology:

  • Pre renal
  • Intrarenal
  • Post renal

Risk factors

  • Chronic UTI
  • Glomerulonephropathy ,diabetes, cardiovascular diseases
  • Smoking, alcohol
  • Hereditary
  • African American, Asian American
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