Question

Brain death diagnostics Thyroid hormones Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism symptoms Grave's disease causes, symptoms Parathyroid functions

Answer 1

1. We can clinically diagnose brain death in the following ways :-

can be made w/o confirmatory testing if you are able to establish the etiology, eliminate reversible causes of coma, complete fully the neurologic exam and apnea testing

-diagnosis requires demonstration of the absence of both cortical and brain stem activity

2. The thyroid is part of the endocrine system, which is made up of glands that produce, store, and release hormones into the bloodstream so the hormones can reach the body's cells. The thyroid gland uses iodine from the foods you eat to make two main hormones:

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroxine (T4)

Two glands in the brain—the hypothalamus and the pituitary communicate to maintain T3 and T4 balance.

The hypothalamus produces TSH Releasing Hormone (TRH) that signals the pituitary to tell the thyroid gland to produce more or less of T3 and T4 by either increasing or decreasing the release of a hormone called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

3. Hypothyroidism signs and symptoms may include:

Fatigue

Increased sensitivity to cold

Constipation

Dry skin

Weight gain

Puffy face

Hoarseness

Muscle weakness

Elevated blood cholesterol level

Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness

Pain, stiffness or swelling in your joints

Heavier than normal or irregular menstrual periods

Thinning hair

Slowed heart rate

Depression

Impaired memory

Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)

# Signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism are :-

Appetite change (decrease or increase)

Difficulty sleeping (insomnia)

Fatigue

Frequent bowel movement—perhaps diarrhea

Heart palpitations

Heat intolerance

Increased sweating

Irritability

Light menstrual periods—perhaps even missed periods

Mental disturbances

Muscle weakness

Nervousness

Problems with fertility

Shortness of breath

Sudden paralysis

Tremor/shakiness

Vision changes

Weight loss-but perhaps weight gain

Dizziness

Thinning of hair

Itching and hives

Possible increase in blood sugar

4. Symptoms of graves disease are :-

Unintentional weight loss, even when your appetite and food intake stay the same or increase

Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) — commonly more than 100 beats a minute

Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)

Pounding of your heart (palpitations)

Increased appetite

Nervousness, anxiety and irritability

Tremor — usually a fine trembling in your hands and fingers

Sweating

Changes in menstrual patterns

Increased sensitivity to heat

Changes in bowel patterns, especially more frequent bowel movements

An enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), which may appear as a swelling at the base of your neck

Fatigue, muscle weakness

Difficulty sleeping

Skin thinning

Fine, brittle hair

# Cause of graves disease :-

The exact cause of graves disease is unknown however it is thought to be the result of a malfunction in the bodies disease fighting immune system.

Possibly caused by emotional stress and smoking.