Question

The stages of development according to Erik Erikson has some psychological conflict that must be overcome in order to develop into a healthy adult. In each stage, there is a task or crisis that must be overcome in order to progress

List the various stages

Explain each stage

Give an example seen in the older adult population and tell how can the nurse assist

To assist you in answering the 3rd question, all I am asking is that you tell the stage that is seen in older adults and based on what your explanation was about the stage, tell how the nurse can help them for example should the nurse modified approaches to care, communication, explanations, teaching and diversionary activities. if yes why if no why not, give examples

Answer 1

Erik Erickson' Psychosocial Theory

Erik Erickson, is an American-German Psychologist born on June 1902, developed a famous and popular theory regarding the development of a human through the various stages of life. Psychosocial theory developed by Erickson explains eight stages of Development from Infancy to old age. Each stage has a task and crisis( psychosocial nature).

Psychosocial stages

1. Infancy

2. Toddler hood

3. Pre- schooler

4. Schooler

5. Adolescence

6. Early Adult hood

7. Middle adult hood

8. Late adult hood

2. Stage 1 : Infancy( 0- 1.5 year)

Crisis: Trust Vs mistrust

If an infant is getting proper and consistent care, then a sense of trust will develop in babies. Mistrust can be developed by inconsistent and unreliable care from parents or care takers. Hope is the virtue that come from the successful completion of this stage.

Stage 2: Toddler hood( 1.5-3)

crisis: Autonomy Vs Shame

Encouraged and supported children in their indepent activities, will be more confident, criticised or harsh disciplined children may develop shame and low self esteem.

Stage 3: Pre schooler( 3-5)

crisis: Initiative Vs guilt

It is a stage of questioning and initiation of activities. Children should get support from parents for their initiation of activities. More restrictions may leads to sensr of guilt.

Stage4 : School age ( 5-12)

crisis: Industry Vs inferiority

Ot is stage of learning , to read , write different languages, subjects. They will try to be competent in many areas. It the trials and attempts for competency is not accepting by teachers or parents, child may feel inferiority. successful completion of this stage leads to competency.

Stage5: adolescence( 12-18 years)

crisis: Identity Vs role confusion

Adolescence is a period from child hood to adult hood.Children will be more independent and a search for personal identity, goals and values will be there. Role confusion may result from the uncomfortable feelings of their own body, sex role, confusion about their place in family and society. Fidelity is the virtue that can be acquired by successful completion of this stage.

Stage 6: Young/ early adult hood( 18- 40 years)

crisis: Intimacy Vs isolation

It is a stage of loving and close relationship. Result of successful establishment of relationship leads to happiness and commitment and virtue of this stage is love . Failure leads to loneliness and isolation.

Stage 7: middle adulthood( 40-65 years)

Crisis: Generativity Vs stagnation

In this stage people actively contribute to the society, employment area and their profession. Success will lead to the feelings of usefulness and Care is the outcome. Failure in this stage leads the feelings of stagnation and unproductiveness.

Stage 8: late adult hood( 65+)

crisis: Ego integrty Vs Despair

This stage, people either feel happy and satisfied with their life or feeling sad and despair regarding their life. The task of this stage is to achieve the wisdom through success in this stage crisis.

3. Older adults

Old age is the closing period of a person's life span. It is a period when people' move away' from previous, more desirable periods or times of 'usefulness'.

Nurse has to assist and older adult to meet their psycosocial needs. Older adults, who feel that they couldn't accomplish their lives may feel despair, depression and anger. A nurse can assist them by many ways to decrease their despair and depression:

* Encourage fitness and health: In many this can help in maintaining the person's existing physical and mental abilities.

* Encourage them by telling their qualities and reinforcing them

* assist in their spiritual needs

* Encourage them to remember the positive life events

* Help them to integrate negative and positive life events to promote the self acceptance.

* Encourage family members to visit them frequently and make remember them about the good days of life.

* Meditation and relaxation therapies will help them from depressive thoughts.

* Gardening or farming can help the older adult to get happiness and productiveness.