Question

(1p 37) Bacteria of energetic disadvantage rely on the process of reversed energy flow for the generation of reducing power. O True O False 38) Reduction involves a (1 pts) loss of electrons gain of electrons O gain of neutrons 0 loss of neutrons 39) The total energy change in a system as it proceeds to equilibrium is called (1 pts) free energy activation energy maximum energy O All of the above are correct. (1p 40) According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, the flow of electrons through the respiratory system of carrier molecules released energy which drives positively charged hydrogen ions across the membranes of the mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacterial cells and results in which of the following? i. the generation of pH gradient ii. the formation of an electric potential gradient iii. the creation of a "protomotive force iv. dehydrogenation of the membranes n statements i, ii and iii statements i and ill statements ii and iv statement iv All of the statements are correct

Please answer all.... Thank you!

Answer 1

37. True

Reverse electron flow occurs in some chemolithotrophic bacteria. They use compounds like nitrite or sulfur to drive the formation of NADH or NADPH from NAD+ or NADP+.

38. Gain of electron

Loss of an electron is oxidation while gain of an electron is reduction. Neutrons are bound within the nucleus and are not exchangable and so are not lost or gained.

39. Free energy

Free energy is the amount of useful energy available to do work. Activation energy is the energy required to achieve the formation of the transient state complex.

40. Statements I, II and III.

Accumulation of H+ in the matrix results in an acidic pH and development of a positively charged region. This results in the setup of a pH and an electrochemical gradient across the membrane.